B. Shields

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Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls

Simon C. Potter, P. Donnelly, C. Spencer, 2007, Nature.

Replication of Genome-Wide Association Signals in UK Samples Reveals Risk Loci for Type 2 Diabetes

M. McCarthy, E. Zeggini, A. Morris, 2007, Science.

Genome-wide association study of copy number variation in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls

Jake K. Byrnes, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, P. Donnelly, 2010, Nature.

Genome-wide association study of copy number variation in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls

Jake K. Byrnes, Tomas W. Fitzgerald, Renwick, 2010 .

Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants

Simon C. Potter, David M. Evans, P. Donnelly, 2007, Nature Genetics.

Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis

Ayellet V. Segrè, C. Gieger, W. Rathmann, 2010, Nature Genetics.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes

M. McCarthy, E. Zeggini, J. Marchini, 2008, Nature Genetics.

Logistic regression has similar performance to optimised machine learning algorithms in a clinical setting: application to the discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults

Lauric A. Ferrat, B. Shields, K. Owen, 2020, Diagnostic and Prognostic Research.

Assessment of endogenous insulin secretion in insulin treated diabetes predicts postprandial glucose and treatment response to prandial insulin

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2012, BMC Endocrine Disorders.

A Common Variant in the FTO Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity

M. Jarvelin, D. Melzer, L. Ferrucci, 2007, Science.

Comparative performances of machine learning methods for classifying Crohn Disease patients using genome-wide genotyping data

Judy H. Cho, John P. Ferguson, G. Wainrib, 2019, Scientific Reports.

Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank

Samuel E. Jones, B. Shields, M. Weedon, 2017, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

Referral rates for diagnostic testing support an incidence of permanent neonatal diabetes in three European countries of at least 1 in 260,000 live births

B. Shields, S. Ellard, M. Małecki, 2009, Diabetologia.

Asian MODY: are we missing an important diagnosis?

T. Frayling, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2006, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): how many cases are we missing?

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2010, Diabetologia.

A common variant of HMGA2 is associated with adult and childhood height in the general population

Richa Saxena, Leena Peltonen, Eleftheria Zeggini, 2007, Nature Genetics.

Time trends and geographical variation in prescribing of drugs for diabetes in England from 1998 to 2017

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, A. Walker, 2018, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

The Diabetic Phenotype in HNF4A Mutation Carriers Is Moderated By the Expression of HNF4A Isoforms From the P1 Promoter During Fetal Development

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2008, Diabetes.

A genetic diagnosis of HNF1A diabetes alters treatment and improves glycaemic control in the majority of insulin‐treated patients

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2009, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Urinary C-Peptide Creatinine Ratio Is a Practical Outpatient Tool for Identifying Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-α/Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4-α Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young From Long-Duration Type 1 Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2011, Diabetes Care.

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) Is Likely to Represent a Mixed Population of Autoimmune (Type 1) and Nonautoimmune (Type 2) Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Hagopian, 2021, Diabetes Care.

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults ( LADA ) is likely to represent a mixed population of autoimmune ( type 1 ) and non-autoimmune ( type 2 ) diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Hagopian, 2021 .

Type 1 diabetes defined by severe insulin deficiency occurs after 30 years of age and is commonly treated as type 2 diabetes

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2019, Diabetologia.

Five-Year Follow-Up for Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2013, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Fetal thyroid hormone level at birth is associated with fetal growth.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2011, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors

Kyle J. Gaulton, Sara M. Willems, Samuel E. Jones, 2018, Nature Genetics.

South Asian individuals with diabetes who are referred for MODY testing in the UK have a lower mutation pick-up rate than white European people

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2016, Diabetologia.

Risk factors for genital infections in people initiating SGLT2 inhibitors and their impact on discontinuation

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, R. Holman, 2020, BMJ open diabetes research & care.

Time trends in prescribing of type 2 diabetes drugs, glycaemic response and risk factors: A retrospective analysis of primary care data, 2010–2017

A. Farmer, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2019, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

University of Birmingham Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease

Chapelle, C. Gieger, A. Hofman, 2014 .

Continuous glucose monitoring demonstrates low risk of clinically significant hypoglycemia associated with sulphonylurea treatment in an African type 2 diabetes population: results from the OPTIMAL observational multicenter study

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, M. Nyirenda, 2022, BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.

TriMaster: randomised double-blind crossover study of a DPP4 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor and thiazolidinedione as second-line or third-line therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have suboptimal glycaemic control on metformin treatment with or without a sulfonylurea—a MASTERMIND study protocol

A. Farmer, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2020, BMJ Open.

The Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health (EFSOCH): study protocol and methodology.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2006, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

A UK nationwide prospective study of treatment change in MODY: genetic subtype and clinical characteristics predict optimal glycaemic control after discontinuing insulin and metformin

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2018, Diabetologia.

A meta-analysis of the associations between common variation in the PDE8B gene and thyroid hormone parameters, including assessment of longitudinal stability of associations over time and effect of thyroid hormone replacement

T. Frayling, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2011, European journal of endocrinology.

Strategies to identify individuals with monogenic diabetes: results of an economic evaluation

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Peters, 2020, BMJ Open.

Improvements in Awareness and Testing Have Led to a Threefold Increase Over 10 Years in the Identification of Monogenic Diabetes in the U.K.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2022, Diabetes care.

Systematic Population Screening, Using Biomarkers and Genetic Testing, Identifies 2.5% of the U.K. Pediatric Diabetes Population With Monogenic Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Greene, 2016, Diabetes Care.

Increased all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in monogenic diabetes as a result of mutations in the HNF1A gene

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2010, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes: Clinical Markers of Insulin Resistance Are Associated With Altered Short- and Long-term Glycemic Response to DPP-4 Inhibitor Therapy

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2018, Diabetes Care.

Markers of β-Cell Failure Predict Poor Glycemic Response to GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2015, Diabetes Care.

Markers of b-Cell Failure Predict Poor Glycemic Response to GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2015 .

Adherence to Oral Glucose-Lowering Therapies and Associations With 1-Year HbA1c: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis in a Large Primary Care Database

A. Farmer, B. Shields, M. Weedon, 2015, Diabetes Care.

Identifying routine clinical predictors of non‐adherence to second‐line therapies in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort analysis in a large primary care database

A. Farmer, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2019, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

Should Studies of Diabetes Treatment Stratification Correct for Baseline HbA1c?

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Henley, 2016, PloS one.

Evaluating associations between the benefits and risks of drug therapy in type 2 diabetes: a joint modeling approach

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Henley, 2018, Clinical Epidemiology.

C-Peptide Decline in Type 1 Diabetes Has Two Phases: An Initial Exponential Fall and a Subsequent Stable Phase

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, N. Morgan, 2018, Diabetes Care.

Fetal Genotype and Maternal Glucose Have Independent and Additive Effects on Birth Weight

R. Freathy, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2018, Diabetes.

Genetic regulation of birth weight and fasting glucose by a common polymorphism in the islet cell promoter of the glucokinase gene.

Richard W Jones, S. Ring, T. Frayling, 2005, Diabetes.

A study of association between common variation in the growth hormone-chorionic somatomammotropin hormone gene cluster and adult fasting insulin in a UK Caucasian population

T. Frayling, R. Freathy, B. Shields, 2006 .

Frequency and phenotype of T1DM in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2018 .

HbA1c performs well in monitoring glucose control even in populations with high prevalence of medical conditions that may alter its reliability: the OPTIMAL observational multicenter study

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, M. Nyirenda, 2021, BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.

Leveraging Cross-Species Transcription Factor Binding Site Patterns: From Diabetes Risk Loci to Disease Mechanisms

Bernhard Horsthemke, Bernward Klocke, Melina Claussnitzer, 2014, Cell.

Paternal insulin resistance and its association with umbilical cord insulin concentrations

B. Shields, M. Turner, B. Knight, 2006, Diabetologia.

Lipoprotein composition in HNF1A-MODY: differentiating between HNF1A-MODY and type 2 diabetes.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2012, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

Detection of thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy: Universal screening or targeted high-risk case finding?

B. Shields, M. Bilous, R. Bilous, 2007, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Offspring birthweight is not associated with paternal insulin resistance

B. Shields, B. Knight, W. Hamilton, 2006, Diabetologia.

Persistent C‐peptide is associated with reduced hypoglycaemia but not HbA1c in adults with longstanding Type 1 diabetes: evidence for lack of intensive treatment in UK clinical practice?

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, T. Tree, 2019, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Urine C‐peptide creatinine ratio is an alternative to stimulated serum C‐peptide measurement in late‐onset, insulin‐treated diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2011, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Islet Autoantibody Level Distribution in Type 1 Diabetes and Their Association With Genetic and Clinical Characteristics

B. Shields, N. Oliver, D. Johnston, 2021, medRxiv.

New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk

Christian Gieger, Alex Doney, Inês Barroso, 2010, Nature Genetics.

Erratum: New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk (Nature Genetics (2010) 42 (105-116))

Marc S. Orr, P. Elliott, L. Coin, 2010 .

Birth weight and diazoxide unresponsiveness strongly predict the likelihood of congenital hyperinsulinism due to a mutation in ABCC8 or KCNJ11

B. Shields, K. Patel, T. Laver, 2021, European journal of endocrinology.

Ischemic conditioning shows a time-dependant influence on the fate of the gastric conduit after minimally invasive esophagectomy

B. Shields, A. Shore, R. Berrisford, 2010, Surgical Endoscopy.

Random non‐fasting C–peptide: bringing robust assessment of endogenous insulin secretion to the clinic

B. Shields, B. Knight, T. Mcdonald, 2016, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

The challenge of diagnosing type 1 diabetes in older adults

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Dennis, 2020, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Maternal hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy is associated with obesity and adverse maternal metabolic parameters

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2015, European journal of endocrinology.

Stability and reproducibility of a single-sample urinary C-peptide/creatinine ratio and its correlation with 24-h urinary C-peptide.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2009, Clinical chemistry.

HbA1c measurements from UK Biobank are different to those in linked primary care records: implications for combining biochemistry data from research studies and routine clinical care

B. Shields, T. Mcdonald, K. Young, 2021, medRxiv.

EDTA Improves Stability of Whole Blood C-Peptide and Insulin to Over 24 Hours at Room Temperature

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2012, PloS one.

Assessing whether genetic scores explain extra variation in birthweight, when added to clinical and anthropometric measures

R. Freathy, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2022, BMC Pediatrics.

Variants in ADCY5 and near CCNL1 are associated with fetal growth and birth weight

Philippe Froguel, Nicholas J Timpson, Dirkje S Postma, 2010, Nature Genetics.

Type 2 diabetes TCF7L2 risk genotypes alter birth weight: a study of 24,053 individuals.

M. Jarvelin, M. McCarthy, D. Strachan, 2007, American journal of human genetics.

Evidence of genetic regulation of fetal longitudinal growth.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, M. Turner, 2005, Early human development.

Response to Comment on: Chakera et al. Antenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Genotype Determines if Maternal Hyperglycemia due to a Glucokinase Mutation Requires Treatment. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1832–1834

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, G. Ross, 2012, Diabetes Care.

High-Sensitivity CRP Discriminates HNF1A-MODY From Other Subtypes of Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2011, Diabetes Care.

Random non-fasting C-peptide testing can identify patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes at high risk of hypoglycaemia

B. Shields, B. Knight, P. Choudhary, 2017, Diabetologia.

The impact of gender on urine C-peptide creatinine ratio interpretation

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2012, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

Prevalence of vascular complications among patients with glucokinase mutations and prolonged, mild hyperglycemia.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2014, JAMA.

Insulin Mutation Screening in 1,044 Patients With Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2008, Diabetes.

Integration of biomarkers and clinical characteristics provides the best method for identifying patients with MODY

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2012 .

Zinc Transporter 8 Autoantibodies (ZnT8A) and a Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Exclude Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes From Inappropriate Genetic Testing for Monogenic Diabetes

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2018, Diabetes Care.

A large-scale association analysis of common variation of the HNF1alpha gene with type 2 diabetes in the U.K. Caucasian population.

M. McCarthy, T. Frayling, B. Shields, 2005, Diabetes.

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with alterations in maternal and fetal thyroid function.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2009, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Assessment of the HNF1B Score as a Tool to Select Patients for HNF1B Genetic Testing

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2015, Nephron.

Comparison of causal forest and regression-based approaches to evaluate treatment effect heterogeneity: an application for type 2 diabetes precision medicine

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, Sandra Jeanne Vollmer, 2022, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.

Triangulating Instrumental Variable, confounder adjustment and Difference-in-Difference methods for comparative effectiveness research in observational data

B. Shields, W. Henley, J. Bowden, 2022, 2202.09164.

Phosphodiesterase 8B gene polymorphism is associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy.

T. Frayling, R. Freathy, B. Shields, 2009, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Abbreviated Title : Females are more insulin resistant at birth

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2007 .

Effect of perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure on thyroid function of pregnant women from South-West England: a cohort study

B. Shields, B. Knight, E. Pearce, 2018, Thyroid Research.

Lower Circulating B12 Is Associated with Higher Obesity and Insulin Resistance during Pregnancy in a Non-Diabetic White British Population

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, D. Bhat, 2015, PloS one.

Exocrine pancreatic dysfunction is common in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β-associated renal disease and can be symptomatic

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2018, Clinical kidney journal.

A Meta-Analysis of Thyroid-Related Traits Reveals Novel Loci and Gender-Specific Differences in the Regulation of Thyroid Function

Lorna M. Lopez, Toshiko Tanaka, S. Bandinelli, 2013, PLoS genetics.

Association of birthweight and penetrance of diabetes in individuals with HNF4A-MODY: a cohort study

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2021, Diabetologia.

The impact of population-level HbA1c screening on reducing diabetes diagnostic delay in middle-aged adults: a UK Biobank analysis

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Dennis, 2022, Diabetologia.

Development of a treatment selection algorithm for SGLT2 and DPP-4 inhibitor therapies in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, R. Holman, 2022, The Lancet. Digital health.

Phosphodiesterase 8B gene polymorphism is associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy.

T. Frayling, R. Freathy, B. Shields, 2009, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Population-Based Assessment of a Biomarker-Based Screening Pathway to Aid Diagnosis of Monogenic Diabetes in Young-Onset Patients

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2017, Diabetes Care.

The development and validation of a clinical prediction model to determine the probability of MODY in patients with young-onset diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2012, Diabetologia.

Islet autoantibodies can discriminate maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) from Type 1 diabetes

B. Shields, S. Ellard, T. Mcdonald, 2011, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Urine C-Peptide Creatinine Ratio Is a Noninvasive Alternative to the Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2011, Diabetes Care.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest pharmacological treatment used in patients with glucokinase mutations does not alter glycaemia

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2013, Diabetologia.

The majority of patients with long-duration type 1 diabetes are insulin microsecretors and have functioning beta cells

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2013, Diabetologia.

TSH and FT4 Reference Intervals in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis

B. Shields, M. Vafeiadi, V. Pop, 2022, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Comparative performances of machine learning methods for classifying Crohn Disease patients using genome-wide genotyping data

Judy H. Cho, John P. Ferguson, G. Wainrib, 2019, Scientific Reports.

Combining Information from Common Type 2 Diabetes Risk Polymorphisms Improves Disease Prediction

Mark Walker, Mark I McCarthy, Eleftheria Zeggini, 2006, PLoS medicine.

Genetic variation in the small heterodimer partner gene and young-onset type 2 diabetes, obesity, and birth weight in U.K. subjects.

M. McCarthy, T. Frayling, B. Shields, 2003, Diabetes.

Mendelian Randomization Studies Do Not Support a Role for Raised Circulating Triglyceride Levels Influencing Type 2 Diabetes, Glucose Levels, or Insulin Resistance

Mark I. McCarthy, Tom R. Gaunt, Shah Ebrahim, 2011, Diabetes.

Common Variation in the FTO Gene Alters Diabetes-Related Metabolic Traits to the Extent Expected Given Its Effect on BMI

P. Elliott, M. Jarvelin, D. Melzer, 2008, Diabetes.

University of Groningen A meta-analysis of thyroid-related traits reveals novel loci and gender-specific differences in the regulation of thyroid function Porcu,

Lorna M. Lopez, Toshiko Tanaka, S. Bandinelli, 2013 .

Studies of insulin and proinsulin in pancreas and serum support the existence of aetiopathological endotypes of type 1 diabetes associated with age at diagnosis

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, N. Morgan, 2020, Diabetologia.

New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism

Olli Simell, Mark I. McCarthy, Karen L. Mohlke, 2012, Nature Genetics.

Type 2 Diabetes Risk Alleles Are Associated With Reduced Size at Birth

Mark I. McCarthy, Cecilia M. Lindgren, Eleftheria Zeggini, 2009, Diabetes.

Diabetes and Triglyceride Levels Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Loci for Type 2

J. Marchini, C. Lindgren, L. Cardon, 2011 .

Recognition and Management of Individuals With Hyperglycemia Because of a Heterozygous Glucokinase Mutation

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2015, Diabetes Care.

A common genetic variant in the 15q24 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4) is associated with a reduced ability of women to quit smoking in pregnancy

S. Ring, T. Frayling, R. Freathy, 2009, Human molecular genetics.

Maternal thyroid function in pregnant women with a breech presentation in late gestation

B. Shields, B. Knight, B. Vaidya, 2016, Clinical endocrinology.

A common variation in deiodinase 1 gene DIO1 is associated with the relative levels of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

D. Hernandez, D. Melzer, A. Singleton, 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Aid Discrimination Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adults

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2015, Diabetes Care.

No Evidence of Association of ENPP1 Variants With Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity in a Study of 8,089 U.K. Caucasians

M. McCarthy, T. Frayling, B. Shields, 2006, Diabetes.

The functional "KL-VS" variant of KLOTHO is not associated with type 2 diabetes in 5028 UK Caucasians

D. Melzer, M. McCarthy, T. Frayling, 2006, BMC Medical Genetics.

Functional variation in VEGF is not associated with type 2 diabetes in a United Kingdom Caucasian population.

M. McCarthy, T. Frayling, R. Freathy, 2006, JOP : Journal of the pancreas.

Common variants of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha P2 promoter are associated with type 2 diabetes in the U.K. population.

M. McCarthy, T. Frayling, B. Shields, 2004, Diabetes.

Iodine deficiency amongst pregnant women in South‐West England

B. Shields, B. Knight, E. Pearce, 2017, Clinical endocrinology.

Genetic influences on the association between fetal growth and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes

R. Freathy, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2010, Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.

Polygenic Risk Variants for Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Modify Age at Diagnosis in Monogenic HNF1A Diabetes

T. Frayling, B. Shields, M. Weedon, 2009, Diabetes.

Disease progression and treatment response in data-driven subgroups of type 2 diabetes compared with models based on simple clinical features: an analysis using clinical trial data

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Henley, 2019, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

Genetic variants in Apolipoprotein AV alter triglyceride concentrations in pregnancy

T. Frayling, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2003, Lipids in Health and Disease.

The HNF4A R76W mutation causes atypical dominant Fanconi syndrome in addition to a β cell phenotype

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2013, Journal of Medical Genetics.

Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

B. Shields, M. Vafeiadi, L. Chatzi, 2019, JAMA.

Investigating the causal effect of maternal vitamin B12 and folate levels on offspring birthweight

David M. Evans, R. Freathy, B. Shields, 2020, bioRxiv.

Validation of a single‐sample urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio as a reproducible alternative to serum C‐peptide in patients with Type 2 diabetes

B. Shields, B. Knight, T. Mcdonald, 2012, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Home urine C‐peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) testing can identify type 2 and MODY in pediatric diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, T. Barrett, 2012, Pediatric diabetes.

Sex and BMI Alter the Benefits and Risks of Sulfonylureas and Thiazolidinediones in Type 2 Diabetes: A Framework for Evaluating Stratification Using Routine Clinical and Individual Trial Data

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2018, Diabetes Care.

Genetic evidence that raised sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes

M. Jarvelin, L. Ferrucci, M. McCarthy, 2009, Human molecular genetics.

Are we missing hypoglycaemia? Elderly patients with insulin-treated diabetes present to primary care frequently with non-specific symptoms associated with hypoglycaemia

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Hope, 2017, Primary care diabetes.

Histological validation of a type 1 diabetes clinical diagnostic model for classification of diabetes

B. Shields, M. Atkinson, S. Chamala, 2020, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Assessing newborn body composition using principal components analysis: differences in the determinants of fat and skeletal size

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2006, BMC pediatrics.

Genetic effects on the timing of parturition and links to fetal birth weight

Scott M. Williams, R. T. Lie, M. Jarvelin, 2022, Nature Genetics.

What to do with diabetes therapies when HbA1c lowering is inadequate: add, switch, or continue? A MASTERMIND study

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Dennis, 2019, BMC Medicine.

What to do with diabetes therapies when HbA 1 c lowering is inadequate MASTERMIND consortium

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Dennis, 2019 .

A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Identify Patients With GAD65 Autoantibody–Positive Type 2 Diabetes Who Rapidly Progress to Insulin Therapy

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2018, Diabetes Care.

Identifying clinical criteria to predict Type 1 diabetes, as defined by absolute insulin deficiency: a systematic review protocol

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2012, BMJ Open.

Prematurity and Genetic Testing for Neonatal Diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2016, Pediatrics.

Most People With Long-Duration Type 1 Diabetes in a Large Population-Based Study Are Insulin Microsecretors

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, R. Oram, 2014, Diabetes Care.

Derivation and validation of a type 2 diabetes treatment selection algorithm for SGLT2-inhibitor and DPP4-inhibitor therapies based on glucose-lowering efficacy: cohort study using trial and routine clinical data

B. Shields, W. Henley, N. Sattar, 2021, medRxiv.

Cohort profile for the MASTERMIND study: using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) to investigate stratification of response to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2017, BMJ Open.

Patient stratification for determining optimal second and third line therapy for type 2 diabetes: the TriMaster study

A. Farmer, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2022, Nature Medicine.

Identifying Good Responders to Glucose Lowering Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Implications for Stratified Medicine

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Henley, 2014, PloS one.

Patient preference for second and third line therapies in type 2 diabetes: a prespecified secondary endpoint of the TriMaster study

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, R. Holman, 2022, Nature Medicine.

Lessons From the Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Ludvigsson, 2013, Diabetes Care.

Choice of HbA1c threshold for identifying individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes and implications for diabetes prevention programmes: a cohort study

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Dennis, 2021, BMC Medicine.

Patient characteristics influence treatment response to second line glucose lowering therapy in two large UK cohorts: a MASTERMIND study

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2015 .

The impact of insulin administration during the mixed meal tolerance test

B. Shields, B. Knight, R. Besser, 2012, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Development and validation of multivariable clinical diagnostic models to identify type 1 diabetes requiring rapid insulin therapy in adults aged 18–50 years

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2019, BMJ Open.

University of Dundee Development and validation of multivariable clinical diagnostic models to identify type 1 diabetes requiring rapid insulin therapy in adults aged 1850 years

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2019 .

Type 2 Diabetes and Triglyceride Levels Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Loci

J. Marchini, C. Lindgren, L. Cardon, 2022 .

Use of HbA1c in the Identification of Patients with Hyperglycaemia Caused by a Glucokinase Mutation: Observational Case Control Studies

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2013, PloS one.

Practical Classification Guidelines for Diabetes in patients treated with insulin: a cross-sectional study of the accuracy of diabetes diagnosis

K. Khunti, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2016, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

Can clinical features be used to differentiate type 1 from type 2 diabetes? A systematic review of the literature

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2015, BMJ Open.

Identifying routine predictors of to line in Type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort analysis in a large primary care database

A. Farmer, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2020 .

HbA1c screening for the diagnosis of diabetes. Reply to Brož J, Brabec M, Krollová P et al [letter]

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, J. Dennis, 2023, Diabetologia.

Towards a systematic nationwide screening strategy for MODY

B. Shields, K. Colclough, 2017, Diabetologia.

Urine C-peptide creatinine ratio can be used to assess insulin resistance and insulin production in people without diabetes: an observational study

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2013, BMJ Open.

Urinary C‐peptide creatinine ratio detects absolute insulin deficiency in Type 2 diabetes

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, R. Besser, 2013, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

The HNF 4 A R 76 W

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2014 .

Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

B. Shields, M. Vafeiadi, L. Chatzi, 2020 .

Semi-automated unidirectional sequence analysis for mutation detection in a clinical diagnostic setting.

B. Shields, S. Ellard, C. Mattocks, 2009, Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers.

Patterns of postmeal insulin secretion in individuals with sulfonylurea-treated KCNJ11 neonatal diabetes show predominance of non-KATP-channel pathways

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2019, BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.

Genetic risk scores in adult-onset type 1 diabetes - Authors' reply.

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2018, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

A Genome-Wide Association Search for Type 2 Diabetes Genes in African Americans

Simon C. Potter, Nicholette D. Palmer, Joshua P. Lewis, 2012, PLoS ONE.

Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants.

P. Donnelly, C. Spencer, A. Silman, 2007, Nature genetics.

Novel Loci for Adiponectin Levels and Their Influence on Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Traits: A Multi-Ethnic Meta-Analysis of 45,891 Individuals

Karen L. Mohlke, Luigi Ferrucci, Florian Kronenberg, 2012, PLoS genetics.

New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk

Simon C. Potter, P. Elliott, M. Jarvelin, 2010, Nature Genetics.

Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A

Simon C. Potter, C. Spencer, A. Silman, 2007, Nature.

Clusters provide a better holistic view of type 2 diabetes than simple clinical features - Authors' reply.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, W. Henley, 2019, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

Type 1 diabetes defined by severe insulin deficiency occurs after 30 years of age and is commonly treated as type 2 diabetes

B. Shields, M. Weedon, A. Hattersley, 2019, Diabetologia.

Comparative performances of machine learning methods for classifying Crohn Disease patients using genome-wide genotyping data

Lisa, Husam, John P. Ferguson, 2023 .

Assessing newborn body composition using principal components analysis: differences in the determinants of fat and skeletal size

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, B. Knight, 2006, BMC Pediatrics.

The transcription factor 7‐like 2 (TCF7L2) gene is associated with Type 2 diabetes in UK community‐based cases, but the risk allele frequency is reduced compared with UK cases selected for genetic studies

B. Shields, B. Knight, K. Parnell, 2007, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

Nutrition, sirtuins and renin-angiotensin system: Cross talk in metabolic regulation

C. Gieger, W. Rathmann, J. Pankow, 2015 .

Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants

P. Donnelly, C. Spencer, A. Silman, 2007, Nature Genetics.

A study of association between common variation in the growth hormone-chorionic somatomammotropin hormone gene cluster and adult fasting insulin in a UK Caucasian population

T. Frayling, R. Freathy, B. Shields, 2006, Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine.

Corrigendum: Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis

C. Gieger, W. Rathmann, J. Pankow, 2011, Nature Genetics.

References and Notes Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S7 References a Common Variant in the Fto Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity

M. Jarvelin, D. Melzer, L. Ferrucci, 2022 .

Genome-wide association study of placental weight in 179,025 children and parents reveals distinct and shared genetic influences between placental and fetal growth

H. Ullum, O. Andreassen, T. Werge, 2022, medRxiv.

New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk (vol 42, pg 105, 2010)

Simon C. Potter, Albert R. Singleton, Jarvelin, 2010 .

New loci associated with birth weight identify genetic links between intrauterine growth and adult height and metabolism

I. Ntalla, D. Postma, D. Lawlor, 2012, Nature Genetics.

Leveraging Cross-Species Transcription Factor Binding Site Patterns: From Diabetes Risk Loci to Disease Mechanisms

C. Gieger, J. Pankow, E. Zeggini, 2014, Cell.

Identification of Novel Genetic Loci Associated with Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies and Clinical Thyroid Disease

C. Gieger, G. Abecasis, L. Kiemeney, 2014, PLoS genetics.

University of Birmingham Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease

Chapelle, C. Gieger, T. Spector, 2014 .

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest pharmacological treatment used in patients with glucokinase mutations does not alter glycaemia

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2013, Diabetologia.

Prevalence of vascular complications among patients with glucokinase mutations and prolonged, mild hyperglycemia.

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, S. Ellard, 2014, JAMA.

Genome-wide association study of placental weight identifies distinct and shared genetic influences between placental and fetal growth

T. Werge, R. Freathy, B. Shields, 2023, Nature Genetics.

Mendelian Randomization Studies Do Not Support a Role for Raised Circulating Triglyceride Levels Influencing Type 2 Diabetes, Glucose Levels, or Insulin Resistance

Tom R. Gaunt, D. Lawlor, T. Frayling, 2011, Diabetes.

Just what the doctor ordered: An evaluation of provider preference-based Instrumental Variable methods in observational studies, with application for comparative effectiveness of type 2 diabetes therapy

B. Shields, J. Bowden, J. Dennis, 2023, 2308.08020.

M. Jarvelin, L. Ferrucci, E. Zeggini, 2022 .

A common variation in deiodinase 1 gene DIO1 is associated with the relative levels of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

D. Hernandez, D. Melzer, A. Singleton, 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

A common genetic variant in the 15q24 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4) is associated with a reduced ability of women to quit smoking in pregnancy

S. Ring, T. Frayling, R. Freathy, 2009, Human molecular genetics.

Maternal and fetal genetic effects on birth weight and their relevance to cardio-metabolic risk factors

Kyle J. Gaulton, Sara M. Willems, Samuel E. Jones, 2018, Nature Genetics.

New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk

P. Elliott, M. Jarvelin, L. Coin, 2010, Nature Genetics.

Dirichlet process mixture models to impute missing predictor data in counterfactual prediction models: an application to predict optimal type 2 diabetes therapy

B. Shields, J. Dennis, T. McKinley, 2024, BMC Medical Informatics Decis. Mak..

Phenotype-based targeted treatment of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes

Holman, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2023, medRxiv.

Risk factor associations for severe COVID-19, influenza and pneumonia in people with diabetes to inform future pandemic preparations: UK population-based cohort study

B. Shields, J. Dennis, B. Mateen, 2024, BMJ open.

Effect of the Holiday Season in Patients With Diabetes: Glycemia and Lipids Increase Postholiday, but the Effect Is Small and Transient

B. Shields, A. Hattersley, T. Mcdonald, 2014, Diabetes Care.

Performance of European prediction models for classification of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Indians.

B. Shields, A. Amutha, A. Jones, 2024, Diabetes & metabolic syndrome.

Incretin hormone responses to carbohydrate and protein/fat are preserved in adults with sulfonylurea‐treated KCNJ11 neonatal diabetes

J. Holst, B. Shields, A. Hattersley, 2023, Journal of diabetes investigation.

Edinburgh Research Explorer A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity

M. Jarvelin, E. Zeggini, L. Cardon, 2022 .