G. Höfner

发表

Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2007 .

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an alkyne spacer as GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Krisztián Tóth, 2018, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Novel Functionalized Amino Acids as Inhibitors of GABA Transporters with Analgesic Activity

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, M. Bajda, 2021, ACS chemical neuroscience.

Novel mouse GABA uptake inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity toward mGAT3/4 and their effect on pain threshold in mice.

G. Höfner, B. Malawska, A. Nowaczyk, 2019, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Novel Allosteric Ligands of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (GAT1) by MS Based Screening of Pseudostatic Hydrazone Libraries.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Tobias J. Hauke, 2018, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis of 4-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives and their evaluation as potential GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, T. Wein, 2016, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Shuttle-cargo fusion molecules of transport peptides and the hD2/3 receptor antagonist fallypride: a feasible approach to preserve ligand-receptor binding?

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, E. Purisima, 2014, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with tricyclic cage structures in the lipophilic domain as GABA uptake inhibitors

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Heinrich-Karl A. Rudy, 2020, Medicinal Chemistry Research.

In Vitro and Initial In Vivo Evaluation of 68Ga-Labeled Transferrin Receptor (TfR) Binding Peptides as Potential Carriers for Enhanced Drug Transport into TfR Expressing Cells

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, O. Prante, 2011, Molecular Imaging and Biology.

MS Binding Assays – An Alternative to Radioligand Binding

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Christine Zepperitz, 2007 .

MS Binding Assays for Glycine Transporter 2 (GlyT2) Employing Org25543 as Reporter Ligand

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2020, ChemMedChem.

Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of D-84, reboxetine and citalopram for their use in MS Binding Assays addressing the monoamine transporters hDAT, hSERT and hNET.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2018, Biomedical chromatography : BMC.

Using short columns to speed up LC-MS quantification in MS binding assays.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2010, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

Species differences in [3H]linopirdine (DuP 996) binding to brain membranes.

G. Höfner, B. Schmidt, 1996, European journal of pharmacology.

Synthesis and evaluation of N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an unsymmetrical bis-aromatic residue attached to a vinyl ether spacer as potential GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, G. Quandt, 2013, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Expanding the scope of MS binding assays to low-affinity markers as exemplified for mGAT1

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Christine Zepperitz, 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

Development, validation and application of a 96-well enzymatic assay based on LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification for the screening of selective inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

Leonardo K. Martinelli, K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2016, Analytica chimica acta.

Competitive MS Binding Assays for Dopamine D2 Receptors Employing Spiperone as a Native Marker

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, K. V. Niessen, 2005, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

Application of the concept of oxime library screening by mass spectrometry (MS) binding assays to pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as potential inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (GAT1).

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Simone K. Huber, 2019, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

MS‐Based Screening of 5‐Substituted Nipecotic Acid Derived Hydrazone Libraries as Ligands of the GABA Transporter 1

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Tobias J. Hauke, 2019, ChemMedChem.

Identification of Pyrrolidine‐3‐acetic Acid Derived Oximes as Potent Inhibitors of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 through Library Screening with MS Binding Assays

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Simone K. Huber, 2018, ChemMedChem.

MS Binding Assays—with MALDI toward High Throughput

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, D. Merkel, 2009, ChemMedChem.

Novel pyrrolinones as N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.

G. Höfner, P. Mayer, H. Stachel, 2005, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Grevellin Analogs with Affinity to the N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (Glycine Site) Receptor, a Novel Lead Structure

G. Höfner, H. Stachel, H. Poschenrieder, 2000, Archiv der Pharmazie.

Asymmetric Synthesis and Enantioselectivity of Binding of 1‐Aryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines at the PCP Site of the NMDA Receptor Complex

G. Höfner, K. T. Wanner, H. Beer, 1998 .

Characterisation of the binding of [3H]MDL 105,519, a radiolabelled antagonist for the N-methyl-d-aspartate-associated glycine site, to pig cortical brain membranes

G. Höfner, K. T. Wanner, K. Wanner, 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

Characterisation of [3H]MK-801 binding and its cooperative modulation by pig brain membranes.

G. Höfner, K. T. Wanner, K. Wanner, 1996, Journal of receptor and signal transduction research.

Asymmetric Synthesis and Enantiospecificity of Binding of 2‐(1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐1‐isoquinolyl)‐ethanol Derivatives to μ and κ Receptors

G. Höfner, K. T. Wanner, H. Beer, 1996 .

Synthesis and Dopamine Receptor Binding of 3‐Phenylazepino[5,4,3‐c,d]indole Derivatives

G. Höfner, P. Gmeiner, J. Sommer, 1995, Archiv der Pharmazie.

N‐Substituted Nipecotic Acids as (S)‐SNAP‐5114 Analogues with Modified Lipophilic Domains

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Michael C. Böck, 2020, ChemMedChem.

Rigid nonproteinogenic cyclic amino acids as ligands for glutamate receptors: trans-tris(homoglutamic) acids.

G. Höfner, H. Bräuner‐Osborne, U. Madsen, 2005, Chirality.

Syntheses of Novel Pyridazinomorphinans by Inverse Electron Demand Cycloaddition and their Binding to μ and κ Receptors

G. Höfner, K. T. Wanner, G. Seitz, 1997 .

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Nipecotic Acid and Guvacine Derived 1,3‐Disubstituted Allenes as Inhibitors of Murine GABA Transporter mGAT1

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Maren Schaarschmidt, 2019, ChemMedChem.

Synthesis and pharmacological properties of new GABA uptake inhibitors

G. Höfner, B. Malawska, K. Kulig, 2012, Pharmacological reports : PR.

MS Binding Assays for D1 and D5 Dopamine Receptors

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Patrick Neiens, 2015, ChemMedChem.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of α- and β-hydroxy substituted amino acid derivatives as potential mGAT1–4 inhibitors

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Michael C. Böck, 2020, Medicinal Chemistry Research.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent GAT-ligands based on meso-substituted BODIPY dyes

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, P. Mayer, 2019, Medicinal Chemistry Research.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with a cis-alkene spacer as GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, K. Tóth, 2019, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Design, synthesis and SAR studies of GABA uptake inhibitors derived from 2-substituted pyrrolidine-2-yl-acetic acids.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Thejavathi Renukappa-Gutke, 2015, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

MS transport assays for γ-aminobutyric acid transporters--an efficient alternative for radiometric assays.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, S. Schmitt, 2014, Analytical chemistry.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-substituted proline and pyrrolidin-2-ylacetic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Jörg Pabel, 2013, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent GAT-ligands based on asymmetric substituted BODIPY dyes

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2020, Medicinal Chemistry Research.

First photoswitchable neurotransmitter transporter inhibitor: light-induced control of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (GAT1) activity in mouse brain.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, M. Eder, 2014, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

First asymmetric syntheses of 6-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Cornelia E. Hoesl, 2004 .

Simultaneous LC-ESI-MS/MS Quantification of Levosimendan and Its Metabolites for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Cardiac Surgery Patients

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, C. Hagl, 2022, Pharmaceutics.

Aminomethyltetrazoles as potential inhibitors of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters mGAT1-mGAT4: synthesis and biological evaluation.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Eva S. Schaffert, 2011, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis of donor‐substituted 2‐benzopyrans, isoquinolines, and cinnolines with acetal structure

G. Höfner, B. Wünsch, S. Nerdinger, 1995 .

2-Substituted 4-hydroxybutanamides as potential inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid transporters mGAT1-mGAT4: synthesis and biological evaluation.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, N. Guzior, 2013, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Jörg Pabel, 2011, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of aminomethylphenol derivatives as inhibitors of the murine GABA transporters mGAT1-mGAT4.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Georg Höfner, 2008, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

New highly potent GABA uptake inhibitors selective for GAT-1 and GAT-3 derived from (R)- and (S)-proline and homologous pyrrolidine-2-alkanoic acids.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Cornelia E. Hoesl, 2006, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Novel parent structures for inhibitors of the murine GABA transporters mGAT3 and mGAT4.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Andrea Kragler, 2005, European journal of pharmacology.

Synthesis of a series of γ-amino alcohols comprising an N-methyl isoindoline moiety and their evaluation as NMDA receptor antagonists.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, C. Parsons, 2011, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

Discovery of new, highly potent and selective inhibitors of BuChE - design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation and crystallography studies.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, B. Malawska, 2023, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

New highly potent GABA uptake inhibitors selective for GAT-1 and GAT-3 derived from (R)- and (S)-proline and homologous pyrrolidine-2-alkanoic acids.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Cornelia E. Hoesl, 2006, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Azetidine derivatives as novel gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Jörg Pabel, 2010, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonists: A Novel Synthesis of 1‐Phenyltetrahydro‐3‐benzazepines

G. Höfner, B. Wünsch, S. Nerdinger, 1997, Archiv der Pharmazie.

Synthesis of a Series of Non‐Symmetric Bispyridinium and Related Compounds and Their Affinity Characterization at the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, F. F. Paintner, 2018, ChemMedChem.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with a trans-alkene spacer as potent GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Krisztián Tóth, 2018, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

5‐Arylidene‐3‐aryl‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐diones with Affinity to the N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (Glycine Site) Receptor, Part I

G. Höfner, H. Stachel, H. Poschenrieder, 1998, Archiv der Pharmazie.

MS Binding Assays

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2015 .

Tricyclic CNS Active Agents by Intramolecular Oxa‐Pictet‐Spengler Reaction

G. Höfner, B. Wünsch, G. Bauschke, 1995, Archiv der Pharmazie.

Enantiopurity determination of the enantiomers of the triple reuptake inhibitor indatraline.

G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, K. T. Wanner, 2013, Chirality.

Synthesis, Pharmacological Investigation and Computational Studies on a Tricyclic Ergoline Analog with Selective Dopamine Autoreceptor Activity

G. Höfner, P. Gmeiner, J. Mierau, 1995, Archiv der Pharmazie.

Azidobupramine, an Antidepressant-Derived Bifunctional Neurotransmitter Transporter Ligand Allowing Covalent Labeling and Attachment of Fluorophores

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, F. Holsboer, 2016, PloS one.

Discovery of multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents with a unique mechanism of action including inhibition of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase and γ-aminobutyric acid transporters.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, B. Malawska, 2021, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Mass spectrometry in medicinal chemistry

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2007 .

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new derivatives of 2-substituted 4-hydroxybutanamides as GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, B. Malawska, 2011, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship of new GABA uptake inhibitors, derivatives of 4-aminobutanamides.

G. Höfner, K. Kulig, A. Rapacz, 2014, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

In vitro pharmacological characterization of the bispyridinium non-oxime compound MB327 and its 2- and 3-regioisomers.

G. Höfner, F. Worek, T. Seeger, 2017, Toxicology letters.

Deletion of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 2 (GAT2 and SLC6A13) Gene in Mice Leads to Changes in Liver and Brain Taurine Contents*

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Caiying Guo, 2012, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

Deamination, oxidation, and C-C bond cleavage reactivity of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxycytosine.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, T. Carell, 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Development of an (S)‐1‐{2‐[Tris(4‐methoxyphenyl)methoxy]ethyl}piperidine‐3‐carboxylic acid [(S)‐SNAP‐5114] Carba Analogue Inhibitor for Murine γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Transporter Type 4

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, C. Prehn, 2012, ChemMedChem.

Dopamine Autoreceptor Agonists: Computational Studies, Synthesis and Biological Investigations

G. Höfner, P. Gmeiner, J. Mierau, 1993 .

Tricyclic Azaergoline Analogues: Synthesis, Structural Modifications, and Pharmacological Studies

G. Höfner, P. Gmeiner, J. Mierau, 1992, Archiv der Pharmazie.

NMDA-NR2B subtype selectivity of stereoisomeric 2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isoquinolyl)ethanol derivatives.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, C. Parsons, 2005, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 2-AMINOETHYL SUBSTITUTED TRICYCLES WITH NMDA RECEPTOR AFFINITY

G. Höfner, B. Wünsch, H. Diekmann, 1995 .

Searching for putative binding sites of the bispyridinium compound MB327 in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, F. Worek, 2017, Toxicology letters.

Determination of enantiomeric excess of nipecotic acid as 1-(7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl) derivatives.

G. Höfner, Simone Schmidt, K. Wanner, 2017, Chirality.

Alkaloids from Croton flavens l. and their affinities to GABA-receptors

G. Höfner, F. Bracher, W. Eisenreich, 2003, Natural product research.

Development of New Photoswitchable Azobenzene Based γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Uptake Inhibitors with Distinctly Enhanced Potency upon Photoactivation.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, M. Eder, 2018, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

MS Binding Assays for the Three Monoamine Transporters Using the Triple Reuptake Inhibitor (1R,3S)‐Indatraline as Native Marker

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Stefanie H. Grimm, 2015, ChemMedChem.

Development and validation of a rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of fluoxetine and its application to MS binding assays

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, M. Hess, 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

Simultaneous Multiple MS Binding Assays Addressing D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, M. Schuller, 2017, ChemMedChem.

Loratadine and analogues: discovery and preliminary structure-activity relationship of inhibitors of the amino acid transporter B(0)AT2.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, F. Holsboer, 2014, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

Development of a Potent Nurr1 Agonist Tool for In Vivo Applications

G. Höfner, D. Merk, J. Marschner, 2023, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

Screening for New Inhibitors of Glycine Transporter 1 and 2 by Means of MS Binding Assays

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Thomas M. Ackermann, 2021, ChemMedChem.

Determination of the enantiomeric purity of the selective dopamine transporter inhibitor (+)-R,R-4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-3-ol.

G. Höfner, Patrick Neiens, K. Wanner, 2017, Chirality.

Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the triple reuptake inhibitor indatraline enabling its quantification in MS Binding Assays

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Stefanie H. Grimm, 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

t-Bu2SiF-Derivatized D2-Receptor Ligands: The First SiFA-Containing Small Molecule Radiotracers for Target-Specific PET-Imaging

K. Jurkschat, K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2011, Molecules.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent GAT-ligands based on asymmetric substituted BODIPY dyes

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2020, Medicinal Chemistry Research.

Development of Highly Potent GAT1 Inhibitors: Synthesis of Nipecotic Acid Derivatives by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2016, ChemMedChem.

Development of Highly Potent GAT1 Inhibitors: Synthesis of Nipecotic Acid Derivatives with N‐Arylalkynyl Substituents

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, T. Wein, 2017, ChemMedChem.

MS‐Binding Assays: Kinetic, Saturation, and Competitive Experiments Based on Quantitation of Bound Marker as Exemplified by the GABA Transporter mGAT1

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Georg Höfner, 2006, ChemMedChem.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of N-alkylated imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Thejavathi Renukappa-Gutke, 2016, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis of N-substituted acyclic β-amino acids and their investigation as GABA uptake inhibitors.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2013, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification method for a potential γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 3 (GAT3) marker and its application in preliminary MS binding assays.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Maria Polley, 2013, Biomedical chromatography : BMC.

Affinity of 1-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives to the ion channel binding site of the NMDA receptor complex.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Matthias Ludwig, 2006, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonists: A Novel Synthesis of 1‐Phenyltetrahydro‐3‐benzazepines

G. Höfner, B. Wünsch, S. Nerdinger, 1997, Archiv der Pharmazie.

[2,6-Epoxy-3-benzazocines: centrally acting N/O-acetals produced by cyclization of amino- and amidoacetals].

G. Höfner, B. Wünsch, G. Bauschke, 1993, Archiv der Pharmazie.

Different Binding Modes of Small and Large Binders of GAT1

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, L. Allmendinger, 2016, ChemMedChem.

Combination of MS Binding Assays and affinity selection mass spectrometry for screening of structurally homogenous libraries as exemplified for a focused oxime library addressing the neuronal GABA transporter 1.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Jürgen Gabriel, 2020, European journal of medicinal chemistry.

Generation and screening of pseudostatic hydrazone libraries derived from 5-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives at the GABA transporter mGAT4.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Tobias J. Hauke, 2019, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

A Rat Brain Bicistronic Gene with an Internal Ribosome Entry Site Codes for a Phencyclidine-binding Protein with Cytotoxic Activity*

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, E. Michaelis, 2009, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

Application of MS Transport Assays to the Four Human γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Transporters

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, S. Schmitt, 2015, ChemMedChem.

Targeting the Alternative Vitamin E Metabolite Binding Site Enables Noncanonical PPARγ Modulation

G. Höfner, S. Knapp, E. Proschak, 2023, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Deamination, oxidation, and C-C bond cleavage reactivity of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxycytosine.

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, T. Carell, 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[3H]ifenprodil binding to NMDA receptors in porcine hippocampal brain membranes.

G. Höfner, K. Wanner, 2000, European journal of pharmacology.

Synthesis and resolution of racemic eliprodil and evaluation of the enantiomers of eliprodil as NMDA receptor antagonists.

G. Höfner, J. Pabel, K. Wanner, 2000, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, 2007 .

Simultaneous Multiple MS Binding Assays for the Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin Transporters

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, A. De Simone, 2018, ChemMedChem.

Cryo-EM structure of GABA transporter 1 reveals substrate recognition and transport mechanism

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, S. Nayak, 2023, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology.

A Library Screening Strategy Combining the Concepts of MS Binding Assays and Affinity Selection Mass Spectrometry

K. Wanner, G. Höfner, Jürgen Gabriel, 2019, Front. Chem..