J. Macfie

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The use of a novel adhesive tissue patch as an aid to anastomotic healing

J. Trotter, L. Onos, C. Mcnaught, 2018, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Surgical manipulation of the large intestine increases bacterial translocation in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, B. S. Reddy, 2006, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

Evaluation of a triple sugar test of colonic permeability in humans.

J. Macfie, P. Jain, A. D. G. Anderson, 2004, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization of surgical care in patients undergoing major colonic resection

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, B. S. Reddy, 2005, The British journal of surgery.

Commentary: Changing trends in surgery for abdominal Crohn's disease

J. Macfie, 2019, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

Perioperative multimodal optimisation in patients undergoing surgery for fractured neck of femur.

J. Macfie, D. Macfie, R. Zadeh, 2012, The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland.

Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols – compliance and variations in practice during routine colorectal surgery

J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, M. Lim, 2012, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

Short-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open colorectal cancer surgery.

J. Hartley, J. Macfie, S. Mehmood, 2011, Annals of surgery.

Predictors of length of stay in patients having elective colorectal surgery within an enhanced recovery protocol.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, 2010, International journal of surgery.

Randomized clinical trial of gut‐specific nutrients in critically ill surgical patients

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2010, The British journal of surgery.

Current pattern of perioperative practice in elective colorectal surgery; a questionnaire survey of ACPGBI members.

J. Macfie, S. Ullah, S. Khan, 2010, International journal of surgery.

Compliance with enhanced recovery programmes in elective colorectal surgery

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, J. Macfie, 2010, The British journal of surgery.

The Management of Malignant Large Bowel Obstruction: ACPGBI Position Statement

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, M. Parker, 2007, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

A prospective randomised study of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299V on indices of gut barrier function in elective surgical patients

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, 2002, Gut.

A prospective randomised trial of probiotics in critically ill patients.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, A. D. G. Anderson, 2005, Clinical nutrition.

Hemodynamic changes with cirrhosis of the liver: control of arteriovenous shunts during operation for esophageal varices.

R. M. Peters, J. Macfie, C. Dart, 1966, Annals of surgery.

Quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy with a pelvic ileal reservoir compares favorably with that of patients with medically treated colitis

J. Macfie, W. Lewis, D. Johnston, 1993, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

A critical evaluation of the electronic surgical logbook

J. Macfie, K. Grover, R. Achuthan, 2006, BMC medical education.

Early detection of complications after laparoscopic surgery: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency

J. Macfie, S. Panesar, T. Lamont, 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

Randomised trial of surgery alone versus surgery followed by radiotherapy for mobile cancer of the rectum

Richards, A. Cuschieri, J. Macfie, 1996 .

Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of diversion colitis: a review of current literature.

J. Macfie, R. Richards, J. Ahmed, 2014, International journal of surgery.

Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, P. Jain, 2004, Clinical nutrition.

Comparative audit of colorectal resection with the POSSUM scoring system

J. Macfie, P. Sagar, P. Sedman, 1994, The British journal of surgery.

Surgical sepsis

J. Macfie, 2013, The British journal of surgery.

An investigation into the sensitivities of translocating bacteria to a prophylactic antibiotic regimen.

J. Macfie, S. Mahadeva, D. Johnstone, 2002, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Experience with the Russian model 249 suture gun for anastomosis of the rectum

J. Macfie, J. Goligher, D. Lintott, 1993, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

Ethics and nutritional support.

J. Macfie, 1995, Nutrition.

Is sarcopenia a useful predictor of outcome in patients after emergency laparotomy? A study using the NELA database

J. Trotter, C. Mcnaught, M. Gatt, 2018, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Diagnosis of abdominal masses with percutaneous biopsy guided by ultrasound.

J. Macfie, H. Jaeger, C. Mitchell, 1990, BMJ.

Oxidative stress in laparoscopic versus open abdominal surgery: a systematic review.

J. Macfie, S. Ullah, S. Khan, 2011, The Journal of surgical research.

RESEARCH REVIEW Oxidative Stress in Laparoscopic Versus Open Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review

J. Macfie, S. Ullah, S. Khan, 2011 .

Ethical implications of recognizing nutritional support as a medical therapy

J. Macfie, 1996, The British journal of surgery.

Effect of added insulin on body composition of gastroenterologic patients receiving intravenous nutrition--a controlled clinical trial.

J. Macfie, G. Hill, A. Yule, 1981, Gastroenterology.

Refeeding Syndrome: A Literature Review

J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, L. R. Khan, 2010, Gastroenterology research and practice.

Glutamine and gut barrier function.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, 2002, Nutrition.

Pouchitis, colitis and deficiencies of fuel

J. Macfie, P. Sagar, 1995 .

Evidence‐based review of enhancing postoperative recovery after breast surgery

J. Macfie, R. Arsalani-Zadeh, D. Elfadl, 2011, The British journal of surgery.

Active metabolic expenditure of gastroenterological surgical patients receiving intravenous nutrition.

J. Macfie, 1984, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

Effect of intravenous nutrition, with glucose as the only calorie source, on muscle glycogen.

J. Macfie, G. Hill, R. Smith, 1981, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

The treatment of acute superficial abscesses: A prospective clinical trial

J. Macfie, J. Harvey, 1977, The British journal of surgery.

Colloid versus crystalloid fluid therapy in surgical patients

J. Macfie, L. Arunachalam, 2015, The British journal of surgery.

Cyclic parenteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, 1997, Nutrition.

Authors' reply: Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization of surgical care in patients undergoing major colonic resection (Br J Surg 2005; 92: 1354‐1362)

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2006 .

Towards cheaper intravenous nutrition.

J. Macfie, 1986, British medical journal.

Effect of the energy source on changes in energy expenditure and respiratory quotient during total parenteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, G. Hill, J. Holmfield, 1983, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: the significance of bacterial translocation and gut-barrier function.

J. Macfie, 2000, Nutrition.

Probiotics in clinical practice: a critical review of the evidence

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, 2001 .

An investigation into the effect of a probiotic on gut immune function in surgical patients.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, D. Morgan, 2004, Clinical nutrition.

Does intestinal translocation of bacteria affect the short, intermediate or long-term mortality of patients undergoing laparotomy?

J. Macfie, L. Wijesinghe, A. Gilliam, 2001 .

Enteral versus parenteral nutrition

J. Macfie, J. MacFie, J. Macfie, 2000, The British journal of surgery.

Temporary gastric neuromodulation for intractable nausea and vomiting.

G. Duthie, J. Macfie, P. Sedman, 2011, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Impact of oedema on recovery after major abdominal surgery and potential value of multifrequency bioimpedance measurements (Br J Surg 2006; 93: 354–361)

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, R. Kallam, 2006, The British journal of surgery.

Immediate colectomy and primary anastomosis for acute obstruction due to carcinoma of the left colon and rectum

C. M. White, J. Macfie, 1985, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

Could pre-mortem computerised tomography scans reduce the need for coroner's post-mortem examinations?

J. Macfie, A. Owais, T. Wilson, 2010, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Peripheral parenteral nutrition

J. Macfie, A. D. Anderson, D. Palmer, 2003, The British journal of surgery.

Preoperative total parenteral nutrition is not associated with mucosal atrophy or bacterial translocation in humans

R. Parks, J. Macfie, B. Rowlands, 1995, The British journal of surgery.

Effect of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on splanchnic blood flow

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, E. Richards, 2013, The British journal of surgery.

Translocation of enteric bacteri in humans

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, C. Mitchell, 1993 .

Ethical and legal aspects of enteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, B. Messing, L. Valentini, 2006, Clinical nutrition.

Case report and review of literature: Richter hernia in an anterior sacral foramen

J. Macfie, T. C. Lee, N. Couse, 1991 .

Bacterial translocation in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

J. Macfie, N. El-Barghouti, N. Woodcock, 2000, The British journal of surgery.

Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Colonic Surgery: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (eras Clinical Nutrition

K. Fearon, D. Lobo, N. Demartines, 2022 .

Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Colonic Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Recommendations

K. Fearon, D. Lobo, N. Demartines, 2013, World Journal of Surgery.

The ultrasound diagnosis of rectus sheath haematoma

J. Macfie, M. Bark, P. Lee, 1977, The British journal of surgery.

Ethics and nutritional support therapy: a clinician's view

J. Macfie, 2001 .

Bacterial translocation studied in 927 patients over 13 years

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, B. S. Reddy, 2006, The British journal of surgery.

Intestinal obstruction promotes gut translocation of bacteria

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, P. Sagar, 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland Section of Biomedical Sciences

C. G. Lyons, B. Schreiber, R. Huiskes, 1997 .

The prevalence of gut translocation in humans.

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, C. Mitchell, 1994, Gastroenterology.

ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: pancreas.

D. Lobo, C. Dejong, J. Macfie, 2006, Clinical nutrition.

Randomized clinical trial investigating the use of drains and fibrin sealant following surgery for breast cancer

J. Macfie, R. Sowdi, A. D. Anderson, 2004, The British journal of surgery.

Microbiology of bacterial translocation in humans

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, C. Mitchell, 1998, Gut.

A prospective study of serum pancreatic elastase-1 in the diagnosis and assessment of acute pancreatitis.

J. Macfie, P. Poon, C. Mitchell, 1998, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in acute pancreatitis

H. Friess, J. Macfie, L. Gullo, 2002 .

Immunorestorative effect of lipid emulsions during total parenteral nutrition

J. Macfie, P. Guillou, C. Ramsden, 1986, The British journal of surgery.

Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill – evidence and methods of prevention

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, B. S. Reddy, 2006, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

Anorectal Crohn's disease

J. Macfie, N. Williams, L. R. Celestin, 1979, The British journal of surgery.

Gastric Colonisation, Intestinal Permeability and Septic Morbidity in Acute Pancreatitis

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, 2002, Pancreatology.

Alterations in intestinal barrier function do not predispose to translocation of enteric bacteria in gastroenterologic patients.

J. Macfie, P. Sagar, K. Dave, 1998, Nutrition.

Avoiding radical surgery after pre-operative chemoradiotherapy: A possible therapeutic option in rectal cancer?

J. Hartley, J. Macfie, J. Greenman, 2012, Acta oncologica.

Bacterial Translocation May Influence the Long-Term Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients

J. Macfie, K. Chin, R. Kallam, 2007, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

Bacterial translocation and immunohistochemical measurement of gut immune function

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, D. Morgan, 2001, Journal of clinical pathology.

Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: a pragmatic study.

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, M. D. Palmer, 2001, Nutrition.

ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Pancreas.

J. Macfie, R. Meier, J. Ockenga, 2006, Clinical nutrition.

A double‐blind trial of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole as prophylaxis against wound infection following appendicectomy

J. Macfie, M. Greenall, J. A. Bradley, 1979, The British journal of surgery.

Randomized clinical trial of the impact of early enteral feeding on postoperative ileus and recovery (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 555–561)

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2007, The British journal of surgery.

Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization and standard perioperative surgical care

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, 2003, The British journal of surgery.

Current status of bacterial translocation as a cause of surgical sepsis.

J. Macfie, 2004, British medical bulletin.

Does the addition of pre-operative skin preparation with povidone-iodine reduce groin sepsis following arterial surgery?

J. Macfie, D. Johnstone, J. May, 1993, The Journal of hospital infection.

Randomized trial of pelvic drainage after rectal resection

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, P. Sagar, 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

Randomized trial of drainage of colorectal anastomosis

J. Macfie, M. Kerin, J. May, 1993, The British journal of surgery.

Postoperative Ileus in Elective Colorectal Surgery: Management Strategies

J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, S. Mehmood, 2012 .

Quality of life and patient satisfaction with enhanced recovery protocols

J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, A. Owais, 2010, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

Enhanced recovery programmes and colorectal surgery: does the laparoscope confer additional advantages?

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, S. Khan, 2009, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

Oral dietary supplements in pre- and postoperative surgical patients: a prospective and randomized clinical trial.

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, M. D. Palmer, 2000, Nutrition.

Randomized clinical trial of effect of synbiotics, neomycin and mechanical bowel preparation on intestinal barrier function in patients undergoing colectomy

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, B. S. Reddy, 2007, The British journal of surgery.

Influence of intraperitoneal drains on subhepatic collections following cholecystectomy: A prospective clinical trial

J. Monson, J. Macfie, H. Irving, 1986, The British journal of surgery.

Optimization of surgical care.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, 2002, Nutrition.

Oral dietary supplements before and after surgery.

J. Macfie, D. Palmer, 2001, Nutrition.

Influence of enhanced recovery after surgery pathways and laparoscopic surgery on health‐related quality of life

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, 2013, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

Peripheral and central parenteral nutrition: a cost-comparison analysis.

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, C. Mitchell, 1993, Health trends.

Full circle in parenteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, J. Nordenstrom, 1992, Clinical nutrition.

Changes in superior mesenteric artery blood flow after oral, enteral, and parenteral feeding in humans*

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, 2009, Critical care medicine.

Gut origin of sepsis: a prospective study investigating associations between bacterial translocation, gastric microflora, and septic morbidity

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, D. Johnstone, 1999, Gut.

ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: central venous catheters (access, care, diagnosis and therapy of complications).

J. Macfie, M. Pertkiewicz, R. Biffi, 2009, Clinical nutrition.

The development of fat emulsions.

J. Macfie, 1999, Nutrition.

Randomised clinical trial of synbiotic therapy in elective surgical patients

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, P. Jain, 2004, Gut.

ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in acute pancreatitis. European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

H. Friess, J. Macfie, L. Gullo, 2002, Clinical nutrition.

Infusion phlebitis and peripheral parenteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, 1998, Nutrition.

A prospective and randomised study comparing the incidence of infusion phlebitis during continuous and cyclic peripheral parenteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, H. Jaeger, M. Kerin, 1991, Clinical nutrition.

Commensal bacteria do translocate across the intestinal barrier in surgical patients.

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, A. M. Snelling, 2007, Clinical nutrition.

Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis

J. Macfie, B. Reddy, 2008, The Lancet.

Glucose or fat as a nonprotein energy source? A controlled clinical trial in gastroenterological patients requiring intravenous nutrition.

J. Macfie, G. Hill, R. Smith, 1981, Gastroenterology.

Ultrasound guided percutaneous pancreatic biopsy

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, A. Jackson, 1989, The British journal of surgery.

American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons 91st Annual Convention Podium and Poster abstracts

P. M. Falk, L. K. Harding, T. G. Perry, 1992 .

The ethics of artificial nutrition

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, 2003, Medicine.

Impact of probiotics on colonic microflora in patients with colitis: a prospective double blind randomised crossover study.

J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, L. Mølbak, 2013, International journal of surgery.

A simple method for the analysis of urinary sucralose for use in tests of intestinal permeability

J. Macfie, G. Greenway, P. Poon, 2005, Annals of clinical biochemistry.

Bedside postpyloric feeding tube placement: A pilot series to validate this novel technique

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2009, Critical care medicine.

A single-blinded randomised clinical trial of permissive underfeeding in patients requiring parenteral nutrition.

C. Mcnaught, M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2014, Clinical nutrition.

Accuracy of prediction equations for calculating resting energy expenditure in morbidly obese patients.

J. Macfie, S. Ullah, R. Arsalani-Zadeh, 2012, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Do intra‐abdominal adhesions cause pain?

J. Macfie, 2018, The British journal of surgery.

Authors' reply: Randomized clinical trial of gut‐specific nutrients in critically ill surgical patients (Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1629–1636)

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2011 .

Post‐Mastectomy breast reconstruction using the inflatable tissue expander

J. Macfie, E. Chisholm, T. G. Brennan, 1986 .

Randomised clinical trial of elective re-siting of intravenous cannulae.

J. Macfie, P. Barker, A. D. Anderson, 2004, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Administration of peripheral parenteral nutrition: a prospective study comparing rotation of venous access sites with ultrafine cannulas.

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, I. Bradford, 1996, Clinical nutrition.

Prospective study of the aetiology of infusion phlebitis and line failure during peripheral parenteral nutrition

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, C. Mitchell, 1996 .

Prospective randomised study comparing 12-hourly and continuous administration of peripheral parenteral nutrition

J. Macfie, H. Jaeger, M. Kerin, 1990 .

Letter 4: Randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic and open surgery in patients with rectal cancer (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 982–989)

J. Macfie, R. Zadeh, S. Khan, 2009, The British journal of surgery.

Venous access for parenteral nutrition.

J. Macfie, D. Silk, G. Grimble, 2001 .

Gastric colonization predisposes to septic morbidity in surgical patients: a prospective study.

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, R. Sowdi, 2008, Nutrition.

Feasibility of a novel exercise prehabilitation programme in patients scheduled for elective colorectal surgery: a feasibility randomised controlled trial

J. Hartley, J. Macfie, Philip Marshall, 2019, Supportive Care in Cancer.

Optimal nutrition support (and the demise of the enteral versus parenteral controversy).

J. Macfie, N. Woodcock, 2002, Nutrition.

Activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, fructose bisphosphatase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in muscle of normal subjects and very ill surgical patients.

J. Macfie, G. Hill, R. King, 1981, Clinical science.

The effect of an anabolic steroid on body composition in patients receiving intravenous nutrition.

J. Macfie, G. Hill, A. Yule, 1981, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

European round table: the use of immunonutrients in the critically ill.

J. Macfie, 2004, Clinical nutrition.

l‐Alanine‐l‐glutamine supplementation improves the outcome after colorectal surgery for cancer

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, 2007, Colorectal Disease.

Optimal nutritional support

J. Macfie, N. Woodcock, 2004, The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

Total parenteral nutrition by peripheral vein--substitute or supplement to the central venous route? A prospective trial.

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, N. Couse, 1993, Clinical nutrition.

Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture and Surgical Symposium 15th and 16th September, 1995

K. Lillemoe, H. Pitt, P. Mccarthy, 1995 .

Risk factors for anastomotic failure after total mesorectal excision of rectal cancer (Br J Surg 2005; 92: 211–216)

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, K. Mainprize, 2005, The British journal of surgery.

Energy requirements of surgical patients during intravenous nutrition.

J. Macfie, 1984, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: a pragmatic study.

J. Macfie, C. Mitchell, N. Woodcock, 2001, Nutrition.

Surgical sepsis: Surgical sepsis

J. Macfie, 2013 .

Use of Cortrak® – an electromagnetic sensing device in placement of enteral feeding tubes

M. Gatt, J. Macfie, R. Kallam, 2008, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

Prospective study of the aetiology of infusion phlebitis and line failure during peripheral parenteral nutrition

J. Macfie, N. J. Everitt, D. Palmer, 1996, The British journal of surgery.

Pudendal neuropathy in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence progresses with time

J. Macfie, P. Sedman, E. Kiff, 1994, The British journal of surgery.

Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Colonic Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society Recommendations

K. Fearon, D. Lobo, N. Demartines, 2012, World Journal of Surgery.

Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations.

K. Fearon, D. Lobo, N. Demartines, 2012, Clinical nutrition.

Is bacterial translocation a cause of aortic graft sepsis?

J. Macfie, N. El-Barghouti, N. Woodcock, 2000, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

P.58 Changes in mucosal morphology do not affect intestinal permeability (IP) and do not predispose to bacterial translocation

J. Macfie, K. Dave, C. Mitchell, 1996 .

Colonoscopy in the octogenarian population: diagnostic and survival outcomes from a large series of patients.

C. Mcnaught, J. Macfie, J. Ahmed, 2011, The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland.