R. Ramachandran

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A quantitative study of the effect of process parameters on key granule characteristics in a high shear wet granulation process involving a two component pharmaceutical blend

F. Muzzio, S. Oka, O. Kašpar, 2015 .

A combined experimental and modeling approach to study the effects of high-shear wet granulation process parameters on granule characteristics

R. Ramachandran, P. Pandey, J. Tao, 2013, Pharmaceutical development and technology.

A mechanistic population balance model for granulation processes: Effect of process and formulation parameters

H. Wu, M. Khan, R. Ramachandran, 2014 .

Economic Analysis of Integrated Continuous and Batch Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Case Study

Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis, James M. B. Evans, P. I. Barton, 2011 .

System-wide hybrid MPC-PID control of a continuous pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing process via direct compaction.

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

An evaluation of the Johanson model for roller compaction process development for a high dose API

M. A. Howard, R. Ramachandran, G. Walker, 2020, Powder Technology.

Advanced multiphase hybrid model development of fluidized bed wet granulation processes

R. Ramachandran, Ashutosh Tamrakar, D. R. Devarampally, 2018 .

Raman spectroscopy for in-line and off-line quantification of poorly soluble drugs in strip films.

R. Ramachandran, R. Davé, R. Romañach, 2014, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Effective parameter estimation within a multi-dimensional population balance model framework

P. I. Barton, R. Ramachandran, 2010 .

Experimental studies on distributions of granule size, binder content and porosity in batch drum granulation: Inferences on process modelling requirements and process sensitivities

Francis J. Doyle, Ian T. Cameron, Charles D. Immanuel, 2008 .

Population balance model development and experimental validation for the heteroaggregation of oppositely charged micro- and nano-particles

R. Ramachandran, N. Shapley, Anik Chaturbedi, 2016 .

Prediction of dissolution profiles by non-destructive NIR spectroscopy in bilayer tablets.

Andrés D. Román-Ospino, F. Muzzio, R. Ramachandran, 2019, International journal of pharmaceutics.

A moving-boundary model of dissolution from binary drug-excipient granules incorporating microstructure.

R. Ramachandran, M. Vynnycky, K. Moroney, 2021, International journal of pharmaceutics.

A multiscale DEM-PBM approach for a continuous comilling process using a mechanistically developed breakage kernel

R. Ramachandran, M. Ierapetritou, N. Metta, 2018 .

Two-dimensional Population Balance Model Development and Validation of a Pharmaceutical Crystallization Process

R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, Ravendra Singh, 2014 .

Discrete Element Modeling of Solid Dosage Manufacturing Processes

R. Ramachandran, D. Barrasso, 2016 .

Investigating particle-level dynamics to understand bulk behavior in a lab-scale Agitated Filter Dryer (AFD) using Discrete Element Method (DEM)

R. Ramachandran, P. Piccione, Ashutosh Tamrakar, 2020 .

Effect of Binder Attributes on Granule Growth and Densification

Kevin A. Macias, R. Ramachandran, P. Pandey, 2019, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Wet Granulation.

A DEM model-based study to quantitatively compare the effect of wet and dry binder addition in high-shear wet granulation processes

R. Ramachandran, S. Chen, Ashutosh Tamrakar, 2019, Chemical Engineering Research and Design.

A comprehensive analysis and optimization of continuous twin-screw granulation processes via sequential experimentation strategy.

F. Muzzio, R. Ramachandran, R. Snee, 2019, International journal of pharmaceutics.

INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPID-BASED EXCIPIENTS IN A HOT-MELT FLUID BED COATING PROCESS

R. Ramachandran, 2015 .

A quantitative analysis of drug migration during granule drying

S. Oka, F. Štěpánek, R. Ramachandran, 2018, Chemical Engineering Research and Design.

Model predictive control of continuous drum granulation

Francis J. Doyle, Ian T. Cameron, Charles D. Immanuel, 2009 .

Granule formation and structure from single drop impact on heterogeneous powder beds

S. Oka, F. Štěpánek, R. Ramachandran, 2018, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Sampling Optimization for Blend Monitoring of a Low Dose Formulation in a Tablet Press Feed Frame Using Spatially Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Andrés D. Román-Ospino, F. Muzzio, R. Ramachandran, 2021, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Characterization of NIR interfaces for the feeding and in-line monitoring of a continuous granulation process.

Andrés D. Román-Ospino, F. Muzzio, R. Ramachandran, 2019, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Continuous feeding of low-dose APIs via periodic micro dosing.

R. Ramachandran, J. Khinast, M. Besenhard, 2016, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Calibration of Discrete-Element-Method Parameters for Cohesive Materials Using Dynamic-Yield-Strength and Shear-Cell Experiments

R. Ramachandran, Yanxiang Shi, C. Wassgren, 2019, Processes.

Flexible multipurpose Continuous processing: Integration of process flow modeling for continuous processing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms

Fernando J. Muzzio, Fani Boukouvala, Rohit Ramachandran, 2012 .

A mechanistic model for breakage in population balances of granulation: Theoretical kernel development and experimental validation

Francis J. Doyle, Charles D. Immanuel, Rohit Ramachandran, 2009 .

Multidimensional Population Balance Model Development and Validation of a Reactive Detergent Granulation Process

F. Štěpánek, R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, 2015 .

Risk Assessment for a Twin-Screw Granulation Process Using a Supervised Physics-Constrained Auto-encoder and Support Vector Machine Framework

R. Ramachandran, Chaitanya Sampat, 2022, Pharmaceutical Research.

Physics-Constrained Autoencoder Neural Network for the Prediction of Key Granule Properties in a Twin-Screw Granulation Process

R. Ramachandran, Chaitanya Sampat, 2022 .

Investigating the effects of material properties on the mixing dynamics of cohesive particles in a twin screw mixer using a discrete element method approach

R. Ramachandran, S. Karkala, 2022, Powder Technology.

A novel adaptive sampling based methodology for feasible region identification of compute intensive models using artificial neural network

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Rohit Ramachandran, Nirupaplava Metta, 2020 .

Enhanced Process Design and Control of a Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output Granulation Process

Rohit Ramachandran, R. Ramachandran, 2017 .

Model-based design and control of a continuous drum granulation process

Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, R. Ramachandran, 2012 .

Compartment based population balance modeling of a high shear wet granulation process using data analytics

Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, Marco Euclide Armenante, 2015 .

Evaluation of Parameter Estimation Methods for Crystallization Processes Modeled via Population Balance Equations

R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, J. Khinast, 2015 .

Flowsheet optimization of an integrated continuous purification-processing pharmaceutical manufacturing operation

Anwesha Chaudhury, Maitraye Sen, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013 .

Development of a Granule Growth Regime Map for Twin Screw Wet Granulation Process via Data Imputation Techniques

R. Ramachandran, Lalith Venkat Gopal Kotamarthy, Chaitanya Sampat, 2022, Pharmaceutics.

Mechanistic understanding of the effects of process and design parameters on the mixing dynamics in continuous twin-screw granulation

R. Ramachandran, Lalith Venkat Gopal Kotamarthy, 2021 .

Analysis and prediction of nucleation mechanisms in a bi-component powder bed with wettability differentials

S. Oka, R. Ramachandran, Indu Muthancheri, 2021 .

A Semi-Mechanistic Prediction of Residence Time Metrics in Twin Screw Granulation

R. Ramachandran, Lalith Venkat Gopal Kotamarthy, S. Muddu, 2021, Pharmaceutics.

A multi-dimensional population balance model approach to continuous powder mixing processes

Rohit Ramachandran, Maitraye Sen, R. Ramachandran, 2013 .

A Computationally Efficient Surrogate-Based Reduction of a Multiscale Comill Process Model

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Rohit Ramachandran, Nirupaplava Metta, 2019, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

Development of a low-volume, highly sensitive microimmunoassay using computational fluid dynamics-driven multiobjective optimization

Rohit Ramachandran, Martin L Yarmush, Mehdi Ghodbane, 2015, Microfluidics and nanofluidics.

Experimental validation studies on a multi-dimensional and multi-scale population balance model of batch granulation

Francis J. Doyle, Ian T. Cameron, Charles D. Immanuel, 2009 .

Development of a low-volume, highly sensitive microimmunoassay using computational fluid dynamics-driven multiobjective optimization

R. Ramachandran, J. Zahn, M. Yarmush, 2014, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics.

Near infrared spectroscopic calibration models for real time monitoring of powder density.

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, Rafael Méndez, 2016, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Real time monitoring of powder blend bulk density for coupled feed-forward/feed-back control of a continuous direct compaction tablet manufacturing process.

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, Rohit Ramachandran, 2015, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Advanced process design and understanding of continuous twin-screw granulation via implementation of in-line process analytical technologies

Fernando J. Muzzio, Rohit Ramachandran, Andrés D. Román-Ospino, 2019, Advanced Powder Technology.

An integrated approach for dynamic flowsheet modeling and sensitivity analysis of a continuous tablet manufacturing process

Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Fernando J. Muzzio, Fani Boukouvala, 2012, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Model-Based Control-Loop Performance of a Continuous Direct Compaction Process

Rohit Ramachandran, Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Jeyrathan Arjunan, 2011, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

Population Balance Model Validation and Predictionof CQAs for Continuous Milling Processes: toward QbDin Pharmaceutical Drug Product Manufacturing

Dana Barrasso, Carl Wassgren, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

Understanding the Effect of Granulation and Milling Process Parameters on the Quality Attributes of Milled Granules

R. Ramachandran, Lalith Venkat Gopal Kotamarthy, N. Metta, 2020, Processes.

Statistical analysis and comparison of a continuous high shear granulator with a twin screw granulator: Effect of process parameters on critical granule attributes and granulation mechanisms.

Fernando J. Muzzio, Rohit Ramachandran, Maitraye Sen, 2016, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Closed-Loop Feedback Control of a Continuous Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Process via Wet Granulation

R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, M. Ierapetritou, 2014, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

A Multi-Scale Hybrid CFD-DEM-PBM Description of a Fluid-Bed Granulation Process

Dana Barrasso, Rohit Ramachandran, Maitraye Sen, 2014 .

Quantitative validation and analysis of the regime map approach for the wet granulation of industrially relevant zirconium hydroxide powders

Fernando J. Muzzio, Benjamin J. Glasser, Rohit Ramachandran, 2016 .

Digital Twins in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Literature Review

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Yingjie Chen, Pooja Bhalode, 2020, Processes.

Chapter 2 Population Balance Models for Pharmaceutical Processes

R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, Maitraye Sen, 2019 .

Compartment based population balance model development of a high shear wet granulation process via dry and wet binder addition

Rohit Ramachandran, Anik Chaturbedi, Ajit S. Narang, 2017 .

Population Balance Models for Pharmaceutical Processes

R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, Maitraye Sen, 2016 .

Combined Feedforward/Feedback Control of an Integrated Continuous Granulation Process

Andrés D. Román-Ospino, F. Muzzio, R. Ramachandran, 2018, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

A Combined Feed-Forward/Feed-Back Control System for a QbD-Based Continuous Tablet Manufacturing Process

Fernando J. Muzzio, Rohit Ramachandran, Ravendra Singh, 2015 .

An engineering study on the enhanced control and operation of continuous manufacturing of pharmaceutical tablets via roller compaction.

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, Rohit Ramachandran, 2012, International journal of pharmaceutics.

A systematic framework to monitor mulling processes using Near Infrared spectroscopy

Jun Zhang, Benjamin J. Glasser, Rohit Ramachandran, 2016 .

Optimization of key energy and performance metrics for drug product manufacturing.

R. Ramachandran, M. Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, 2022, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Dynamic Flowsheet Model Development and Sensitivity Analysis of a Continuous Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Process Using the Wet Granulation Route

Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Ingmar Nopens, Thomas De Beer, 2019, Processes.

Multi-dimensional population balance modeling and experimental validation of continuous powder mixing processes

Aditya U. Vanarase, Maitraye Sen, Rohit Ramachandran, 2012 .

Computational Approaches for Studying the Granular Dynamics of Continuous Blending Processes, 2 – Population Balance and Data‐Based Methods

Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Fernando J. Muzzio, Atul Dubey, 2012 .

Computer Aided Design and Analysis of Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes

Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Fernando J. Muzzio, Aditya U. Vanarase, 2011 .

Identification of Granule Growth Regimes in High Shear Wet Granulation Processes Using a Physics-Constrained Neural Network

R. Ramachandran, Chaitanya Sampat, 2021, Processes.

Analysis of the origins of content non-uniformity in high-shear wet granulation.

F. Muzzio, S. Oka, F. Štěpánek, 2017, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Process Simulation and Data Modeling in Solid Oral Drug Development and Manufacture

Rohit Ramachandran, Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, R. Ramachandran, 2016 .

The effects of improper mixing and preferential wetting of active and excipient ingredients on content uniformity in high shear wet granulation

Fernando J. Muzzio, Rohit Ramachandran, Sarang Oka, 2015 .

Combined UV/vis and micro-tomography investigation of acetaminophen dissolution from granules.

S. Oka, O. Kašpar, V. Tokárová, 2013, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Application of micro-tomography and UV spectroscopy in structural analysis of pharmaceutical granules

S. Oka, O. Kašpar, V. Tokárová, 2014 .

Combined UV/Vis and micro-tomography investigation of acetaminophen dissolution from granules.

S. Oka, O. Kašpar, V. Tokárová, 2013, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Model Order Reduction of a Multi-scale PBM-DEM Description of a Wet Granulation Process via ANN

Dana Barrasso, Ashutosh Tamrakar, Rohit Ramachandran, 2015 .

A reduced order PBM–ANN model of a multi-scale PBM–DEM description of a wet granulation process

Dana Barrasso, Ashutosh Tamrakar, Rohit Ramachandran, 2014 .

An extended cell-average technique for a multi-dimensional population balance of granulation describing aggregation and breakage

Dana Barrasso, Anuj V. Prakash, Anwesha Chaudhury, 2013 .

A multi-scale, mechanistic model of a wet granulation process using a novel bi-directional PBM–DEM coupling algorithm

Dana Barrasso, Frances E. Pereira, Rohit Ramachandran, 2015 .

A parallel unidirectional coupled DEM-PBM model for the efficient simulation of computationally intensive particulate process systems

Shantenu Jha, Rohit Ramachandran, Ioannis Paraskevakos, 2018, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Recent advances in integrated process analytical techniques, modeling, and control strategies to enable continuous biomanufacturing of monoclonal antibodies

Ravendra Singh, Rohit Ramachandran, Haoran Zhang, 2021 .

Integrated Population Balance Model Development and Validation of a Granulation Process

Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, R. Ramachandran, 2013 .

Development and validation of a two-dimensional population balance model for a supercritical CO2 antisolvent batch crystallization process

R. Ramachandran, K. Ryan, L. Padrela, 2020 .

A systematic framework for onsite design and implementation of a control system in a continuous tablet manufacturing process

Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, Fernando J. Muzzio, 2014, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Mechanistic modeling of high-shear and twin screw mixer granulation processes

Dana Barrasso, Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, 2017 .

A compartment based population balance model for the prediction of steady and induction granule growth behavior in high shear wet granulation

R. Ramachandran, A. Bétard, Anik Chaturbedi, 2021 .

FORMULATION AND VALIDATION OF A POPULATION BALANCE MODEL FOR POWDER MIXING PROCESS

R. Ramachandran, M. Dutt, 2013 .

Mathematical Development and Comparison of a Hybrid PBM-DEM Description of a Continuous Powder Mixing Process

Atul Dubey, Maitraye Sen, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013 .

Computer-Aided Flowsheet Simulation of a Pharmaceutical Tablet Manufacturing Process Incorporating Wet Granulation

Fani Boukouvala, Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

Distribution and accessibility of binder in wet granules

Rohit Ramachandran, Rey T. Chern, František Štěpánek, 2009 .

CFD-DEM-PBM coupled model development and validation of a 3D top-spray fluidized bed wet granulation process

Rohit Ramachandran, Ashutosh Tamrakar, R. Ramachandran, 2019, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Statistical analysis and comparison of a continuous high shear granulator with a twin screw granulator: Effect of process parameters on critical granule attributes and granulation mechanisms.

Savitha S. Panikar, F. Muzzio, R. Ramachandran, 2016, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Twin-screw granulation: Mechanistic understanding of the effect of material properties on key granule quality attributes through the analysis of mixing dynamics and granulation rate mechanisms

Andrés D. Román-Ospino, R. Ramachandran, S. Karkala, 2023, Advanced Powder Technology.

End-point determination of heterogeneous formulations using inline torque measurements for a high-shear wet granulation process

R. Ramachandran, Shubhajit Paul, Y. Tseng, 2023, International journal of pharmaceutics: X.

Switching from batch to continuous granulation: A Case Study of metoprolol succinate ER tablets.

R. Ramachandran, A. Zidan, T. O'Connor, 2022, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Continuous high-shear granulation: Mechanistic understanding of the influence of process parameters on critical quality attributes via elucidating the internal physical and chemical microstructure

F. Muzzio, F. Štěpánek, R. Ramachandran, 2019, Advanced Powder Technology.

Effects of Process and Design Parameters on Granule Size Distribution in a Continuous High Shear Granulation Process

Fernando J. Muzzio, Rohit Ramachandran, Sarang Oka, 2017, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

Qualitative Assessment of a Multi-Scale, Compartmental PBM-DEM Model of a Continuous Twin-Screw Wet Granulation Process

R. Ramachandran, D. Barrasso, 2016, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

Edinburgh Research Explorer Economic Analysis of Integrated Continuous and Batch Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis, James M. B. Evans, P. I. Barton, 2011 .

Analyzing the mixing dynamics of an industrial batch bin blender via discrete element modeling method

Mark Johnson, Maitraye Sen, Rohit Ramachandran, 2017 .

A quantitative assessment of the influence of primary particle size polydispersity on granule inhomogeneity

Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, Frantisek Stepanek, 2012 .

Implementation of an advanced hybrid MPC-PID control system using PAT tools into a direct compaction continuous pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing pilot plant.

Marianthi Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, Rohit Ramachandran, 2014, International journal of pharmaceutics.

A computationally efficient technique for the solution of multi-dimensional PBMs of granulation via tensor decomposition

Ivan Oseledets, Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, 2014, Comput. Chem. Eng..

A Systematic Framework for Data Management and Integration in a Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processing Line

Shantenu Jha, Marianthi G. Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, 2018 .

A Hybrid MPC-PID Control System Design for the Continuous Purification and Processing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Maitraye Sen, Rohit Ramachandran, Ravendra Singh, 2014 .

Multi-dimensional population balance model development using a breakage mode probability kernel for prediction of multiple granule attributes

R. Ramachandran, Ashley Dan, H. Vaswani, 2023, Pharmaceutical development and technology.

A Hybrid Model to Predict Formulation Dependent Granule Growth in a Bi-Component Wet Granulation Process

R. Ramachandran, Indu Muthancheri, 2021, Pharmaceutics.

Accelerating multi-dimensional population balance model simulations via a highly scalable framework using GPUs

Rohit Ramachandran, Chaitanya Sampat, Yukteshwar Baranwal, 2020, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Predictive population balance model development and validation of the effect of high shear wet granulation process parameters on granule properties

R. Ramachandran, P. Pandey, D. Bindra, 2018, Powder Technology.

Parallelization methods for efficient simulation of high dimensional population balance models of granulation

Rohit Ramachandran, Franklin E. Bettencourt, Anik Chaturbedi, 2017, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Population Balance Model Development, Validation, and Prediction of CQAs of a High-Shear Wet Granulation Process: Towards QbD in Drug Product Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

R. Ramachandran, P. Pandey, A. Chaudhury, 2014, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.

A computationally efficient technique for the solution of multi-dimensional PBMs of granulation via tensor decomposition

R. Ramachandran, A. Chaudhury, I. Oseledets, 2014, Comput. Chem. Eng..

Simulation of population balance model-based particulate processes via parallel and distributed computing

Dana Barrasso, Anuj V. Prakash, Anwesha Chaudhury, 2013 .

Multi-component population balance modeling of continuous granulation processes: A parametric study and comparison with experimental trends

Dana Barrasso, Rohit Ramachandran, Samjit Walia, 2013 .

A comparison of model order reduction techniques for a four-dimensional population balance model describing multi-component wet granulation processes

Dana Barrasso, Rohit Ramachandran, R. Ramachandran, 2012 .

Multi-dimensional population balance model development and validation for a twin screw granulation process

Dana Barrasso, Rohit Ramachandran, James D. Litster, 2015 .

Multi-scale modeling of granulation processes: Bi-directional coupling of PBM with DEM via collision frequencies

Dana Barrasso, Rohit Ramachandran, R. Ramachandran, 2015 .

Parallel simulation of population balance model-based particulate processes using multicore CPUs and GPUs

Anuj V. Prakash, Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013 .

Multi-dimensional mechanistic modeling of fluid bed granulation processes: An integrated approach

Alexander M. Niziolek, Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013 .

Mechanistic understanding of granule growth behavior in bi-component wet granulation processes with wettability differentials

R. Ramachandran, Indu Muthancheri, 2020 .

Powder bed packing and API content homogeneity of granules in single drop granule formation

S. Oka, F. Štěpánek, R. Ramachandran, 2020 .

Multi-scale flowsheet simulation of an integrated continuous purification-downstream pharmaceutical manufacturing process.

Ravendra Singh, Anwesha Chaudhury, Rohit Ramachandran, 2013, International journal of pharmaceutics.

Integrated Moving Horizon-Based Dynamic Real-Time Optimization and Hybrid MPC-PID Control of a Direct Compaction Continuous Tablet Manufacturing Process

R. Ramachandran, M. Ierapetritou, Ravendra Singh, 2015, Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.