M. Boukadoum

发表

Model Transformation as an Optimization Problem

H. Sahraoui, M. Kessentini, M. Boukadoum, 2008, MoDELS.

A nonlinear dynamic artificial neural network model of memory

Mounir Boukadoum, Patrice Renaud, Sylvain Chartier, 2008 .

Comparison of ANFIS and SVM for the classification of brain MRI Pathologies

M. Boukadoum, S. Lahmiri, 2011, 2011 IEEE 54th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS).

Hybrid Discrete Wavelet Transform and Gabor Filter Banks Processing for Features Extraction from Biomedical Images

M. Boukadoum, S. Lahmiri, 2013, Journal of medical engineering.

Aptamer-Modified Ultrastable Gold Nanoparticles for Dopamine Detection

Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza, M. Boukadoum, M. DeRosa, 2021, IEEE Sensors Journal.

Intelligent Ensemble Forecasting System of Stock Market Fluctuations Based on Symetric and Asymetric Wavelet Functions

M. Boukadoum, S. Lahmiri, 2015 .

An Ensemble System Based on Hybrid EGARCH-ANN with Different Distributional Assumptions to Predict S&P 500 Intraday Volatility

M. Boukadoum, S. Lahmiri, 2015 .

Hybrid discrete wavelet transform and Gabor filter banks processing for mammogram features extraction

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 IEEE 9th International New Circuits and systems conference.

Dynamics of the Backward Shift of Hippocampal Place Fields A Biophysical Model of Synaptic Plasticity and Metaplasticity Can Account for the

D. Feldman, J. Knierim, H. Shouval, 2015 .

Vigilance Procedure Generalization for Recurrent Associative Memories

M. Boukadoum, S. Hélie, S. Chartier, 2006 .

Automated detection of circinate exudates in retina digital images using empirical mode decomposition and the entropy and uniformity of the intrinsic mode functions

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2014, Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering.

A Flexible and Modular Body-Machine Interface for Individuals Living with Severe Disabilities pdf

Clément Gosselin, Benoit Gosselin, Alexandre Campeau-Lecours, 2020, ArXiv.

Blood glucose sensor implant using NIR spectroscopy: Preliminary design study

M. Boukadoum, E. Aboulhamid, C. Fayomi, 2010, 2010 International Conference on Microelectronics.

Computational Analyses of Arteriovenous Malformations in Neuroimaging

M. Boukadoum, S. Lahmiri, M. Cusimano, 2015, Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging.

Neural Network Processor for a FPGA-based Multiband Fluorometer Device

M. Boukadoum, D. Starikov, A. Bensaoula, 2007, 2006 International Workshop on Computer Architecture for Machine Perception and Sensing.

Synchrony-Based State Representation for Classification by Liquid State Machines

M. Boukadoum, Nicolas Pajot, 2021, 2021 IEEE 20th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC).

Integrated multifunctional fluorescence biosensor based on OLED technology

M. Boukadoum, M. Packirisamy, M. Boukadoum, 2008, 2008 Joint 6th International IEEE Northeast Workshop on Circuits and Systems and TAISA Conference.

Optical Detection Techniques for Bioanalysis

M. Boukadoum, Y. Messaddeq, A. Miled, 2021, Handbook of Biochips.

Support Vector-Based Unsupervised Learning Approaches for Radio Frequency Interference Detection

M. Boukadoum, W. Ajib, Alexander Amache, 2022, 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring).

An Investigation of the Physical Forces Leading to Thrombosis Disruption by Cavitation

R. Fontaine, M. Boukadoum, H. Hamam, 2005, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis.

Exploring Information Categories and Artificial Neural Networks Numerical Algorithms in S&P500 Trend Prediction: A Comparative Study

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, Sylvain Chartier, 2014, Int. J. Strateg. Decis. Sci..

Improvement of CSF , WM and GM Tissue Segmentation by Hybrid Fuzzy – Possibilistic Clustering Model based on Genetic Optimization Case Study on Brain Tissues of Patients with Alzheimer ' s Disease

Mounir Boukadoum, Lilia Lazli, M. Boukadoum, 2018 .

A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research

Mounir Boukadoum, Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza, Elodie Boisselier, 2019, Applied Sciences.

Information fusion and S&P500 trend prediction

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, Sylvain Chartier, 2013, 2013 ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA).

Brain MRI classification using an ensemble system and LH and HL wavelet sub-bands features

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 IEEE Third International Workshop On Computational Intelligence In Medical Imaging.

A high-performance instrumentation system to measure the fluorescence kinetics of plants for in vivo photosynthesis research

Mounir Boukadoum, Gabriel Bulgarea, M. Boukadoum, 2001, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

Transformation by example

Marouane Kessentini, Houari Sahraoui, Mounir Boukadoum, 2010 .

AI-SIMCOG: a simulator for spiking neurons and multiple animats’ behaviours

Pierre Poirier, Mounir Boukadoum, André Cyr, 2009, Neural Computing and Applications.

A Fully Embedded Adaptive Real-Time Hand Gesture Classifier Leveraging HD-sEMG and Deep Learning

Benoit Gosselin, Alexandre Campeau-Lecours, Mounir Boukadoum, 2019, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

A Survey on Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Brain Disorders through MRI Based on Machine Learning and Data Mining Methodologies with an Emphasis on Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis and the Contribution of the Multimodal Fusion

Mounir Boukadoum, Otmane Ait Mohamed, Lilia Lazli, 2020, Applied Sciences.

Computer-Aided Diagnosis System of Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Multimodal Fusion: Tissue Quantification Based on the Hybrid Fuzzy-Genetic-Possibilistic Model and Discriminative Classification Based on the SVDD Model

Mounir Boukadoum, Lilia Lazli, Otmane Ait Mohamed, 2019, Brain sciences.

Autonomous sensor system for deep-sea pipeline monitoring

Mounir Boukadoum, Sofiane Amara-Madi, Clyde A. Price, 2013, 2013 IEEE 11th International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS).

Fractal-based arteriovenous malformations detection in brain magnetic resonance images

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, Antonio Di Ieva, 2014, 2014 IEEE 12th International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS).

Detrended fluctuation analysis of brain hemisphere magnetic resonnance images to detect cerebral arteriovenous malformations

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, Antonio Di Ieva, 2014, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

Brain-inspired pattern classification with memristive neural network using the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron

Majid Ahmadi, Arash Ahmadi, Amirali Amirsoleimani, 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS).

8-bit Partial Magnitude Comparator for Spike Generation in the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Model using Gate-Diffusion-Input Logic Gates

M. Boukadoum, F. Nabki, Philippe-Olivier Beaulieu, 2022, 2022 29th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS).

Search-Based Design Defects Detection by Example

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Manuel Wimmer, 2011, FASE.

Example-based model-transformation testing

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Mounir Boukadoum, 2011, Automated Software Engineering.

Generating transformation rules from examples for behavioral models

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Manuel Wimmer, 2010, BM-FA '10.

Improved global-best particle swarm optimization algorithm with mixed-attribute data classification capability

Mounir Boukadoum, Nabila Nouaouria, M. Boukadoum, 2014, Appl. Soft Comput..

Enhanced Global Best Particle Swarm Classification

Mounir Boukadoum, Robert Proulx, Nabila Nouaouria, 2014, Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell..

Particle swarm classification: A survey and positioning

Mounir Boukadoum, Robert Proulx, Nabila Nouaouria, 2013, Pattern Recognit..

Design Defect Detection Rules Generation: A Music Metaphor

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Manuel Wimmer, 2011, 2011 15th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering.

A Particle Swarm Optimization approach to mixed attribute data-set classification

Mounir Boukadoum, Nabila Nouaouria, M. Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 IEEE Symposium on Swarm Intelligence.

Maintainability defects detection and correction: a multi-objective approach

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Ali Ouni, 2013, Automated Software Engineering.

Design Defects Detection and Correction by Example

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Ali Ouni, 2011, 2011 IEEE 19th International Conference on Program Comprehension.

Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with resuse guided retrieval capabilities

Mounir Boukadoum, Robert Proulx, Nabila Nouaouria, 2014, 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing.

A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for Reuse Guided Case Retrieval

Mounir Boukadoum, Robert Proulx, Nabila Nouaouria, 2014, Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell..

From Adaptation-Guided Retrieval to Reuse-Guided Retrieval: Application to Case Retrieval Net Memory Model

Mounir Boukadoum, Nabila Nouaouria, M. Boukadoum, 2013, Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak..

A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach for the Case Retrieval Stage in CBR

Mounir Boukadoum, Nabila Nouaouria, M. Boukadoum, 2010, SGAI Conf..

Case Retrieval with Combined Adaptability and Similarity Criteria: Application to Case Retrieval Nets

Mounir Boukadoum, Nabila Nouaouria, M. Boukadoum, 2010, ICCBR.

Operant conditioning: a minimal components requirement in artificial spiking neurons designed for bio-inspired robot's controller

Mounir Boukadoum, André Cyr, Frédéric Thériault, 2014, Front. Neurorobot..

Habituation: a non-associative learning rule design for spiking neurons and an autonomous mobile robots implementation

André Cyr, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2013, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

Scheduling Energy Harvesting Roadside Units in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Wessam Ajib, Mohammad Ali Salahuddin, Mounir Boukadoum, 2016, 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall).

Offline and Online Scheduling Algorithms for Energy Harvesting RSUs in VANETs

Wessam Ajib, Mounir Boukadoum, Wassim Sellil Atoui, 2018, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

Biomedical image denoising using variational mode decomposition

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2014, 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings.

Position update mechanisms for enhanced particle swarm classification

Mounir Boukadoum, Robert Proulx, Nabila Nouaouria, 2014, 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing.

Particle Swarm Classification for High Dimensional Data Sets

Mounir Boukadoum, Nabila Nouaouria, M. Boukadoum, 2010, 2010 22nd IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence.

Brain Tissues Volumes Assessment by Fuzzy Genetic Optimization Based Possibilistic Clustering: Application to Alzheimer Patients Images

Mounir Boukadoum, Lilia Lazli, M. Boukadoum, 2017, 2017 14th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms and Networks & 2017 11th International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology & 2017 Third International Symposium of Creative Computing (ISPAN-FCST-ISCC).

Wireless Sensor Network and Irrigation System to Monitor Wheat Growth under Drought Stress

Mounir Boukadoum, Abdoulaye Baniré Diallo, Atia B. Amin, 2021, 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

Machine-learning framework for automatic netlist creation

Yves Blaquière, Mohamed Badreddine, Mounir Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

A weighted bio-signal denoising approach using empirical mode decomposition

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2015, Biomedical Engineering Letters.

Pattern recognition based on HD-sEMG spatial features extraction for an efficient proportional control of a robotic arm

Clément Gosselin, Benoit Gosselin, Daniel Massicotte, 2019, Biomed. Signal Process. Control..

Chaotic Liquid State Machine

Mounir Boukadoum, Mario Antoine Aoun, M. Boukadoum, 2015, Int. J. Cogn. Informatics Nat. Intell..

Learning algorithm and neurocomputing architecture for NDS Neurons

Mounir Boukadoum, Mario Antoine Aoun, M. Boukadoum, 2014, 2014 IEEE 13th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing.

Neural Network-Based Signal Translation with Application to the ECG

M. Boukadoum, Mohamed Amine Abdelmadjid, 2022, 2022 20th IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference (NEWCAS).

Rules maps for scheduling algorithm knowledge

Mounir Boukadoum, Martin Dubois, M. Boukadoum, 2013, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS2013).

Rules class approach to scheduling algorithms

Mounir Boukadoum, Martin Dubois, M. Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems.

Association rules learning technique for knowledge mining about scheduling algorithm performance

Mounir Boukadoum, Martin Dubois, M. Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 IEEE 9th International New Circuits and systems conference.

BAM Learning of Nonlinearly Separable Tasks by Using an Asymmetrical Output Function and Reinforcement Learning

Mahmood Amiri, Mounir Boukadoum, Sylvain Chartier, 2009, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

SCRAM: statistically converging recurrent associative memory

S. Chartier, S. Helie, M. Boukadoum, 2005, Proceedings. 2005 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2005..

Toward the automatic assessment of evolvability for reusable class libraries

Houari A. Sahraoui, Mounir Boukadoum, Hakim Lounis, 2000, Proceedings ASE 2000. Fifteenth IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.

Probabilistic model checking of clock domain crossing interfaces

Otmane Aït Mohamed, Yvon Savaria, Mounir Boukadoum, 2012, 10th IEEE International NEWCAS Conference.

Genetic-Programming Approach to Learn Model Transformation Rules from Examples

Houari A. Sahraoui, Mounir Boukadoum, Martin Faunes, 2013, ICMT.

Example-Based Sequence Diagrams to Colored Petri Nets Transformation Using Heuristic Search

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Mounir Boukadoum, 2010, ECMFA.

Intuitive real-time control strategy for high-density myoelectric hand prosthesis using deep and transfer learning

A. Campeau-Lecours, M. Boukadoum, B. Gosselin, 2021, Scientific Reports.

Towards a Multi-Dataset for Complex Emotions Learning Based on Deep Neural Networks

Fatiha Sadat, Mounir Boukadoum, Hakim Lounis, 2020, LINCR.

Search-based model transformation by example

H. Sahraoui, M. Kessentini, M. Boukadoum, 2012, Software & Systems Modeling.

Classical conditioning in different temporal constraints: an STDP learning rule for robots controlled by spiking neural networks

Mounir Boukadoum, André Cyr, M. Boukadoum, 2012, Adapt. Behav..

Machine-Learning Models for Software Quality: A Compromise between Performance and Intelligibility

Mounir Boukadoum, Hakim Lounis, Tamer Fares Gayed, 2011, 2011 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence.

Using Efficient Machine-Learning Models to Assess Two Important Quality Factors: Maintainability and Reusability

Mounir Boukadoum, Hakim Lounis, Tamer Fares Gayed, 2011, 2011 Joint Conference of the 21st International Workshop on Software Measurement and the 6th International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement.

Tissue segmentation by fuzzy clustering technique: case study on Alzheimer's disease

Mounir Boukadoum, Lilia Lazli, M. Boukadoum, 2018, Medical Imaging.

Physiological signal denoising with variational mode decomposition and weighted reconstruction after DWT thresholding

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2015, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

A Preliminary Investigation into the Design of an Implantable Optical Blood Glucose Sensor

M. Boukadoum, M. Siaj, A. Trabelsi, 2012 .

Forearm High-Density Electromyography Data Visualization and Classification with Machine Learning for Hand Prosthesis Control

M. Boukadoum, B. Gosselin, A. Campeau-Lecours, 2020, 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC).

Alzheimer's Disease Detection in Brain Magnetic Resonance Images Using Multiscale Fractal Analysis

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2013, ISRN radiology.

A loop-based neural architecture for structured behavior encoding and decoding

Mounir Boukadoum, Thomas Gisiger, T. Gisiger, 2018, Neural Networks.

Mechanisms Gating the Flow of Information in the Cortex: What They Might Look Like and What Their Uses may be

Mounir Boukadoum, Thomas Gisiger, T. Gisiger, 2010, Front. Comput. Neurosci..

Combined partial differential equation filtering and particle swarm optimization for noisy biomedical image segmentation

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2016, 2016 IEEE 7th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS).

A sequential dynamic heteroassociative memory for multistep pattern recognition and one-to-many association

Mounir Boukadoum, Sylvain Chartier, M. Boukadoum, 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

New approach for automatic classification of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and healthy brain magnetic resonance images.

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2014, Healthcare technology letters.

A high-speed, low input current CMOS integrated front end for multi-spectral photodiode arrays

M. Boukadoum, F. Nabki, 2011, 2011 IEEE 9th International New Circuits and systems conference.

High-speed, lowinput current transimpedance amplifier forled-photodiode pair

M. Boukadoum, 2007 .

A bidirectional heteroassociative memory for binary and grey-level patterns

Mounir Boukadoum, Sylvain Chartier, M. Boukadoum, 2006, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

Deep Learning-Based Receiver Energy Prediction in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network

M. Boukadoum, W. Ajib, El-hadi Zazoua, 2023, 2023 IEEE 14th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS).

A weighted bio-signal denoising approach using empirical mode decomposition

M. Boukadoum, S. Lahmiri, 2015, Biomedical Engineering Letters.

Automatic brain MR images diagnosis based on edge fractal dimension and spectral energy signature

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

Fractals in Neuroimaging

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, Antonio Di Ieva, 2016 .

Improved MPSoC co-design methodology for stream oriented processing applications

Mounir Boukadoum, AbdelHalim Samahi, M. Boukadoum, 2010, 2010 17th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems.

RF-LNA circuit synthesis by genetic algorithm-specified artificial neural network

Frederic Nabki, Mounir Boukadoum, Etienne Dumesnil, 2014, 2014 21st IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS).

Multi-object 3D segmentation of brain structures using a geometric deformable model with a priori knowledge

M. Boukadoum, L. Sais, Nacéra Benamrane, 2023, The Imaging Science Journal.

Sequence diagram to colored Petri nets transformation testing: an immune system metaphor

Houari A. Sahraoui, Marouane Kessentini, Mounir Boukadoum, 2010, CASCON.

Automatic detection of Alzheimer disease in brain magnetic resonance images using fractal features

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2013, 2013 6th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER).

A portable multi-band optoelectronic system for identifying and measuring the concentration of fluorophore substances

M. Boukadoum, D. Starikov, A. Bensaoula, 2004, The 2nd Annual IEEE Northeast Workshop on Circuits and Systems, 2004. NEWCAS 2004..

Perspectives on Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing using Flexible Hybrid-Printed Electronics Systems

Mounir Boukadoum, Christian Fayomi, Bassant Hassan, 2019, 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

Hidden Neural Network for Complex Pattern Recognition: A Comparison Study with Multi- Neural Network Based Approach

Mounir Boukadoum, Lilia Lazli, M. Boukadoum, 2013 .

FPGA-based Prediction System for Neurotransmitter Concentration Measurement from Spectrophotometry Data

Mounir Boukadoum, Amine Miled, Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza, 2020, 2020 18th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS).

Towards an Effective Decision-making System based on Cow Profitability using Deep Learning

Petko Valtchev, Mounir Boukadoum, Abdoulaye Baniré Diallo, 2020, ICAART.

A Multihit Time-to-Digital Converter Architecture on FPGA

Mounir Boukadoum, Amir M. Amiri, Abdelhakim Khouas, 2009, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

A novel time-to-digital converter with 150 ps time resolution and 2.5 ns pulse-pair resolution

Mounir Boukadoum, El Mostapha Aboulhamid, M. S. Andaloussi, 2002, The 14th International Conference on Microelectronics,.

RF-LNA circuit synthesis using an array of artificial neural networks with constrained inputs

Frederic Nabki, Mounir Boukadoum, Etienne Dumesnil, 2015, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

Classification of brain MRI using the LH and HL wavelet transform sub-bands

Salim Lahmiri, Mounir Boukadoum, M. Boukadoum, 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

FPGA-based multispectral fluorometer using CDMA and embedded neural network

Mounir Boukadoum, Abdelaziz Trabelsi, Christian Fayomi, 2009, 2009 International Conference on Microelectronics - ICM.

An Efficient SIMD Architecture with Parallel Memory for 2D Cosine Transforms of Video Coding

M. Boukadoum, D. Starikov, Abdelhak Bensaoula, 2007 .

Dealing With Noise and Partial Volume Effects in Alzheimer Disease Brain Tissue Classification by a Fuzzy-Possibilistic Modeling Based on Fuzzy-Genetic Initialization

Mounir Boukadoum, Lilia Lazli, M. Boukadoum, 2019, Int. J. Softw. Innov..

Microfluidic Spectrophotometer for Neurotransmitter Detection Based on Gold Nanoparticles: Preliminary Results

Mounir Boukadoum, Amine Miled, Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza, 2018, 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).