R. Butterworth

R. Butterworth, H. Gamrani, S. Ahboucha, 2009, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

Animal Models of Hepatic Encephalopathies

R. Butterworth, A. Blei, Reed Omarg, 1992 .

Platelet Dopamine Uptake in Huntington's Chorea and Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome: Effect of Haloperidol

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, M. Gonce, 1977, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Ammonia Removal by Metabolic Scavengers for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis

R. Butterworth, 2021, Drugs in R&D.

The neurosteroid system: an emerging therapeutic target for hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, S. Ahboucha, 2007, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Increased levels of pregnenolone and its neuroactive metabolite allopregnanolone in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients who died in hepatic coma

R. Butterworth, O. Mamer, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 2006, Neurochemistry International.

Etiology of cirrhosis predicts deterioration of “brain reserve” after hepatic encephalopathy or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

R. Butterworth, 2015, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

Hepatic encephalopathy in alcoholic cirrhosis.

R. Butterworth, 2014, Handbook of clinical neurology.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2020, Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Subclinical Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients: Prevalence and Relationship to Liver Function

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 1991 .

Alterations in expression of genes coding for proteins of the neurovascular unit in ischemic liver failure

P. Desjardins, N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, 2009, Neurochemistry International.

120 Neurological characterization of a novel mouse model of acute liver failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, 2003 .

Minocycline attenuates oxidative/nitrosative stress and cerebral complications of acute liver failure in rats

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Wenlei Jiang, 2009, Neurochemistry International.

Portacaval Shunting and Hyperammonemia Stimulate the Uptake of l‐[3H]Arginine but Not of l‐[3H]Nitroarginine into Rat Brain Synaptosomes

R. Butterworth, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, R. Audet, 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

IL-1 or TNF receptor gene deletion delays onset of encephalopathy and attenuates brain edema in experimental acute liver failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2010, Neurochemistry International.

Parkinsonism in cirrhosis: pathogenesis and current therapeutic options

R. Butterworth, 2013, Metabolic Brain Disease.

The liver–brain axis in liver failure: neuroinflammation and encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2013, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology.

Region-selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier to α-aminoisobutyric acid during thiamine deficiency and following its reversal

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2020, Metabolic Brain Disease.

N-Acetylcysteine attenuates cerebral complications of non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in mice: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, J. Vaquero, 2010, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of mild hypothermia in the attenuation of liver injury due to azoxymethane toxicity in the mouse

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2010, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Decreased activities of thiamine diphosphatase in frontal and temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease

R. Butterworth, J. Richardson, V. L. Rao, 1993, Brain Research.

Use of NMR spectroscopy for the study of ammonia metabolism in astrocytes and neurons: role of glutamine synthesis in astrocytes

T. Shokati, D. Leibfritz, C. Zwingmann, 2003 .

Hepatic encephalopathy: A central neuroinflammatory disorder?

R. Butterworth, 2011, Hepatology.

Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Pathology and Pathophysiology

R. Butterworth, 2019, Drugs.

Direct Evidence for Central Proinflammatory Mechanisms in Rats with Experimental Acute Liver Failure: Protective Effect of Hypothermia

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Wenlei Jiang, 2009, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

Mild hypothermia for the treatment of acute liver failure—what are we waiting for?

R. Butterworth, J. Vaquero, 2007, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology &Hepatology.

Editorial: Rifaximin and Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2011, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

Effect of Portacaval Anastomosis on Glutamine Synthetase Protein and Gene Expression in Brain, Liver and Skeletal Muscle

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, 1999, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Immunohistochemical detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine and manganese superoxide dismutase following hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2001, Brain Research.

Ouabain Induced Stereotyped Behavior in Rats

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, F. Bélanger, 1978, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

The venous drainage of the left atrium.

R. Butterworth, 1954, Journal of anatomy.

Images of the brain in chronic liver failure.

R. Butterworth, 2001, Journal of hepatology.

Mechanisms of Selective Neuronal Cell Death due to Thiamine Deficiency

R. Butterworth, K. Todd, 1999, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Increased Na, K-ATPase α2 isoform gene expression by ammonia in astrocytes and in brain in vivo

Baoman Li, R. Butterworth, Min Li, 2010, Neurochemistry International.

Glucose loading precipitates focal lactic acidosis in the vulnerable medial thalamus of thiamine-deficient rats

C. Zwingmann, N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, 2008, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in two experimental models of thiamine-deficiency encephalopathy 2. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, A. Besnard, 1986, Neurochemical Research.

Impaired oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in the medial thalamus of thiamine-deficient rats

C. Zwingmann, R. Butterworth, D. Navarro, 2008, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Lack of assessment of body temperature in mice with acetaminophen toxicity

R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, A. Blei, 2006, Hepatology.

Carbohydrates and energy metabolism

R. Butterworth, G. Baker, A. Boulton, 1989 .

Regional Amino Acid Distribution in Relation to Function in Insulin Hypoglycaemia

R. Butterworth, A. Merkel, F. Landreville, 1982, Journal of neurochemistry.

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: the concept of synergism revisited

R. Butterworth, 2015, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Induction of astrocytic cyclooxygenase-2 in epileptic patients with hippocampal sclerosis

P. Desjardins, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2003, Neurochemistry International.

Selectively increased expression of the astrocytic/endothelial glucose transporter protein GLUT1 in acute liver failure

P. Desjardins, N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, 2006, Glia.

Decreased beta-actin mRNA expression in hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.

P. Desjardins, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2004, Neuroscience letters.

The neuropharmacology of taurine.

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, N. Inoue, 1975, Life sciences.

Lipopolysaccharide precipitates hepatic encephalopathy and increases blood–brain barrier permeability in mice with acute liver failure

R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, A. Chastre, 2014, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency: Pathogenesis of the cerebral disorder and new prospects for therapy

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, 1997, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Tissue-specific alterations of binding sites for peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligand [3H]PK11195 in rats following portacaval anastomosis

R. Butterworth, G. Therrien, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1994, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

No changes in expression of tight junction proteins or blood–brain barrier permeability in azoxymethane-induced experimental acute liver failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, A. Chastre, 2010, Neurochemistry International.

l‐[3H]Nitroarginine and l‐[3H]Arginine Uptake into Rat Cerebellar Synaptosomes: Kinetics and Pharmacology

R. Butterworth, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1996, Journal of neurochemistry.

Pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency results in decreased Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate from rat hippocampal slices

R. Butterworth, M. Héroux, O. Le, 1991, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Cerebral thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 1986, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Loss of [3H]kainate and of NMDA-displaceable [3H]glutamate binding sites in brain in thiamine deficiency: Results of a quantitative autoradiographic study

R. Butterworth, M. Héroux, C. Peterson, 1995, Neurochemical Research.

A quantitative autoradiographic study of muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in the brains of pyrithiamine-treated rats

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, V. Rao, 1995, Neurochemical Research.

Regional alterations of thiamine phosphate esters and of thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes in relation to function in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, M. Héroux, 2004, Neurochemical Research.

Reduced activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in brains of alcoholics in the absence of Wernicke's encephalopathy.

R. Butterworth, J. Lavoie, 1995, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

Reversible Alterations of Cerebral γ‐Aminobutyric Acid in Pyrithiamine‐Treated Rats: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Wernicke′s Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, M. Héroux, 1988, Journal of neurochemistry.

Effect of thiamine deficiency on levels of putative amino acid transmitters in affected regions of the rat brain 1

E. Hamel, R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, 1979, Journal of neurochemistry.

Brain histamine in experimental acute liver failure: effects of l-histidine loading

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, L. Tuomisto, 2004, Inflammation Research.

Increased concentrations of histamine and its metabolite, tele-methylhistamine and down-regulation of histamine H3 receptor sites in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients who died in hepatic coma.

R. Butterworth, L. Tuomisto, J. Tarhanen, 2003, Journal of hepatology.

Concomitant changes in melatonin metabolism and in hypothalamic histamine in rats with a portacaval anastomosis

R. Butterworth, L. Tuomisto, M. Hippeläinen, 2003 .

Increased density of brain histamine H1 receptors in rats with portacaval anastomosis and in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, L. Tuomisto, M. Hippeläinen, 2001, Hepatology.

Intracellular pH rises and astrocytes swell after portacaval anastomosis in rats.

R. Butterworth, A. Blei, R. P. Kraig, 1991, The American journal of physiology.

Reduced brain levels of DHEAS in hepatic coma patients: Significance for increased GABAergic tone in hepatic encephalopathy

G. Biggio, R. Butterworth, G. Talani, 2012, Neurochemistry International.

Indomethacin improves locomotor deficit and reduces brain concentrations of neuroinhibitory steroids in rats following portacaval anastomosis

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, O. Mamer, 2008, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

The neurosteroid system: Implication in the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, S. Ahboucha, 2008, Neurochemistry International.

An interaction between benzodiazepines and neuroactive steroids at GABAA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons

R. Butterworth, S. Ahboucha, L. Coyne, 2006, Neurochemistry International.

Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction in hyperammonemic syndromes

R. Butterworth, C. Murthy, V. Rao, 1992, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Neurobiology of ammonia

R. Butterworth, V. Felipo, 2002, Progress in Neurobiology.

Utility of Shift Reagents in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Polyfunctional Compounds: N- and O-Acetylated Carbohydrates and Nucleosides

R. Butterworth, S. Hanessian, A. Pernet, 1971 .

Selected Methods of Oxidation in Carbohydrate Chemistry

R. Butterworth, S. Hanessian, 1971 .

Tables of the Properties of Deoxy Sugars and Their Simple Derivatives

R. Butterworth, S. Hanessian, 1971 .

Activities of monoamine oxidase-A and -B are altered in the brains of congenitally hyperammonemic sparse-fur (spf) mice

R. Butterworth, I. Qureshi, V. Rao, 1994, Neuroscience Letters.

Uptake and efflux of 14C‐dopamine in platelets

R. Butterworth, G. Campanella, A. Barbeau, 1975, Neurology.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disorders

R. Butterworth, 1985 .

Effect of ammonium ions on synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system

R. Butterworth, John C. Szerb, Roger F. Butterworth, 1992, Progress in Neurobiology.

Increased brain serotonin turnover correlates with the degree of shunting and hyperammonemia in rats following variable portal vein stenosis.

R. Butterworth, L. Tuomisto, J. Montgomery, 2004, Journal of hepatology.

Increased expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in cultured astrocytes following exposure to manganese

P. Desjardins, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 1999, Neurochemistry International.

Increased manganese concentrations in pallidum of cirrhotic patients

R. Butterworth, L. Spahr, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 1995, The Lancet.

Brain Extracellular Quinolinic Acid in Chronic Experimental Hepatic Encephalopathy as Assessed by In Vivo Microdialysis: Acute Effects of L-Tryptophan

R. Butterworth, M. Heyes, F. Bengtsson, 1996, Neuropsychopharmacology.

Evidence for forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss in congenital ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

R. Butterworth, 2000, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: Pathogenesis of the Cerebral Disorder and New Prospects for Therapy

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, 2004, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Evidence for a Central Cholinergic Deficit in Congenital Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency

R. Butterworth, R. F. Butterworth, 1998, Developmental Neuroscience.

Interrelationships of Energy Metabolism to Oxidative Damage and Neurodegeneration

R. Butterworth, 1998 .

Pathophysiology of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Studies in Animal Models

R. Butterworth, 2009 .

Chapter 28 Trace amines in hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, 1995 .

Current Theories on the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, Roger F. Butterworth, 1994, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

Increased activities of MAOA and MAOB in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. P. Layrargues, J. Giguère, 1993, Brain Research.

Brain Tryptophan Hydroxylation in the Portacaval Shunted Rat: A Hypothesis for the Regulation of Serotonin Turnover In Vivo

R. Butterworth, F. Bengtsson, M. Bugge, 1991, Journal of neurochemistry.

Effect of Ammonia on Brain Serotonin Metabolism in Relation to Function in the Portacaval Shunted Rat

R. Butterworth, T. Reader, M. Bergeron, 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (44433A)

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 1999 .

Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (44433A)

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, A S Hazell, 1999, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

A reliable method for the simultaneous estimation of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in discrete areas of brain.

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, M. Guitard, 1975, Clinical biochemistry.

Brain lactate synthesis in thiamine deficiency: A re‐evaluation using 1H‐13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

C. Zwingmann, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2005, Journal of neuroscience research.

Pathophysiology of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A New Look at GABA from the Molecular Standpoint

R. Butterworth, S. Ahboucha, 2004, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Apomorphine: sterotyped behavior and regional distribution in rat brain.

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, 1975, Canadian journal of biochemistry.

The astrocytic (“peripheral-type”) benzodiazepine receptor: role in the pathogenesis of portal-systemic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2000, Neurochemistry International.

Mechanisms of Neuronal Cell Death in Wernicke's Encephalopathy

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, K. Todd, 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Selective down‐regulation of the astrocyte glutamate transporters GLT‐1 and GLAST within the medial thalamus in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, D. Pow, 2001, Journal of neurochemistry.

Effects of thiamine deficiency on brain metabolism: implications for the pathogenesis of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

R. Butterworth, 1989, Alcohol and alcoholism.

Maternal thiamine deficiency: still a problem in some world communities.

R. Butterworth, Roger F. Butterworth, 2001, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

Cerebral consequences of alcoholic liver disease

R. Butterworth, 2002 .

Effects of hyperammonaemia on brain function

R. Butterworth, 1998, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.

Mild hypothermia delays the onset of coma and prevents brain edema and extracellular brain glutamate accumulation in rats with acute liver failure

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, 2000, Hepatology.

L‐Ornithine‐L‐aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, C. Rose, 1999, Hepatology.

Ammonia: key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.

R. Butterworth, G. P. Layrargues, J. Michaud, 1987, Neurochemical pathology.

Neuroactive amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 1996, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Alterations in glutamate trafficking and signal transduction pathways in hyperammonemia.

R. Butterworth, J. Zempleni, K. Dakshinamurti, 2005 .

Evidence for an Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter Deficit in Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, Helen Chan, 1999, Neurochemical Research.

Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, V. Rao, 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Cell-selective effects of ammonia on glutamate transporter and receptor function in the mammalian brain

R. Butterworth, Helen Chan, 2003, Neurochemistry International.

Effects of ammonia on high affinity glutamate uptake and glutamate transporter EAAT3 expression in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells

C. Zwingmann, R. Butterworth, Helen Chan, 2003, Neurochemistry International.

Glutamate transporters in hyperammonemia

R. Butterworth, 2002, Neurochemistry International.

Effects of ammonia on glutamate transporter (GLAST) protein and mRNA in cultured rat cortical astrocytes

P. Desjardins, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2000, Neurochemistry International.

Hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure: role of the glutamate system.

R. Butterworth, K. Knecht, A. Michalak, 1997, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

Neuroactive amino acids and glutamate (NMDA) receptors in frontal cortex of rats with experimental acute liver failure

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, C. Rose, 1996, Hepatology.

Portal-systemic encephalopathy: a disorder of multiple neurotransmitter systems.

R. Butterworth, 1994, Revista de gastroenterologia de Mexico.

Excitatory Amino Acids and Hepatic Encephalopathy

C. Cotman, R. Butterworth, J. Szerb, 1989 .

Hepatic encephalopathy: a neuropsychiatric disorder involving multiple neurotransmitter systems

R. Butterworth, 2000, Current opinion in neurology.

Amino acid changes in regions of the CNS in relation to function in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, 1984, Neurochemical Research.

Affinities and densities of high‐affinity [3H]muscimol (GABA‐A) binding sites and of central benzodiazepine receptors are unchanged in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 1988, Hepatology.

Ammonia and Hepatic Encephalopathy: The More Things Change, the More They Remain the Same

R. Butterworth, R. Jalan, D. Shawcross, 2005, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Postoperative course after portacaval anastomosis in rats is determined by the portacaval pressure gradient.

R. Butterworth, J. Gottstein, D. Coy, 1991, The American journal of physiology.

Portacaval Anastomosis Results in More Widespread Alterations of Cerebral Metabolism in Old Versus Young Adult Rats: Implications for Post-Shunt Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, R. Audet, 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Regional amino acid neurotransmitter changes in brains of spf/Y mice with congenital ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, I. Qureshi, 1994, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Pathogenesis and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy: An update

R. Butterworth, 1992, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

Effects of Ammonia and L-Tryptophan Loading on Brain Extracellular 5-HT and 5-HIAA Levels in Chronic Experimental Hepatic Encephalopathy

S. Hjorth, R. Butterworth, F. Bengtsson, 1997 .

R. Butterworth, A. Blei, M. Swain, 1992, Hepatology.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics: chemical transformation of paromamine into 3'-epiparomamine.

R. Butterworth, S. Hanessian, T. Nakagawa, 1973, Carbohydrate research.

Methyl 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-β-D-ribo-pentodialdofuranoside: a Useful Intermediate in Chain Extension Reactions

R. Butterworth, S. Hanessian, 1971 .

Role of circulating neurotoxins in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: potential for improvement following their removal by liver assist devices

R. Butterworth, 2003, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

Effects of congenital hyperammonemia on the cerebral and hepatic levels of the intermediates of energy metabolism in spf mice.

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, I. Qureshi, 1992, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

11 Urea Cycle Enzymopathies

R. Butterworth, 2007 .

Keeping cool in acute liver failure: rationale for the use of mild hypothermia.

R. Butterworth, C. Rose, J. Vaquero, 2005, Journal of hepatology.

Primary cultures of rat astrocytes respond to thiamine deficiency-induced swelling by downregulating aquaporin-4 levels

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, Helen Chan, 2004, Neuroscience Letters.

Epidemic of Seasonal Ataxia in Nigeria Following Ingestion of the African Silkworm Anaphe Venata: Role of Thiamine Deficiency?

D. McCandless, R. Butterworth, B. Adamolekun, 1997, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Effect of albumin dialysis on intracranial pressure increase in pigs with acute liver failure: A randomized study*

F. Prinzen, R. Butterworth, C. Rose, 2006, Critical care medicine.

Ammonia induces MK‐801‐sensitive nitration and phosphorylation of protein tyrosine residues in rat astrocytes

K. Zilles, P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, 2002, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

Brain energy metabolism in acute liver failure: studies using NMR spectroscopy

D. Leibfritz, C. Zwingmann, N. Chatauret, 2003 .

Pyruvate Metabolism in Friedreich's Ataxia

R. Butterworth, G. Geoffroy, D. Shapcott, 1976, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Perispinal Etanercept for Post-Stroke Neurological and Cognitive Dysfunction: Scientific Rationale and Current Evidence

R. Butterworth, H. Folkersma, E. Tobinick, 2014, CNS Drugs.

Upregulation of peripheral-type (mitochondrial) benzodiazepine receptors in hyperammonemic syndromes: consequences for neuronal excitability

R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, S. Ahboucha, 2003 .

Neurochemistry of ammonia

R. Butterworth, V. Felipo, 2002, Neurochemistry International.

Accumulation and Removal of Hg203 in Different Regions of the Rat Brain

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, M. Gonce, 1978, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Role of Nutrition in the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy in End-Stage Liver Failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2010, Journal of nutrition and metabolism.

Protective effect of L‐carnitine in ammonia‐precipitated encephalopathy in the portacaval shunted rat

R. Butterworth, C. Rose, G. Therrien, 1997, Hepatology.

Expression of astrocytic genes coding for proteins implicated in neural excitation and brain edema is altered after acute liver failure

Y. Chawla, P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, 2014, Journal of neurochemistry.

Activities of Giutamate-Related Enzymes in Autopsied Brain Tissue from Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, J. Lavoie, 1989 .

Measurement of Ataxia and Related Neurological Signs in the Laboratory Rat

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, F. Jolicoeur, 1979, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Cerebellar Ataxia Produced by 3-Acetyl Pyridine in Rat

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, E. Hamel, 1978, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Effect of taurine on calcium binding to microsomes isolated from rat cerebral cortex.

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, K. Izumi, 1977, Life sciences.

Ammonia and proinflammatory cytokines modify expression of genes coding for astrocytic proteins implicated in brain edema in acute liver failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Wenlei Jiang, 2010, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Evidence for a serotonin transporter deficit in experimental acute liver failure

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, 2001, Neurochemistry International.

Thiamine deficiency in AIDS

R. Butterworth, J. Vincelette, A. Bourgault, 1991, The Lancet.

Neuronal cell death in hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2007, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Thiamine deficiency results in metabolic acidosis and energy failure in cerebellar granule cells: An in vitro model for the study of cell death mechanisms in Wernicke's encephalopathy

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, K. V. Rao, 2000, Journal of neuroscience research.

L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate in Experimental Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: Therapeutic Efficacy and Mechanism of Action

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, C. Rose, 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Alterations of thiamine phosphorylation and of thiamine-dependent enzymes in Alzheimer's disease

R. Butterworth, M. Héroux, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1996, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Neurobiological characterization of an azoxymethane mouse model of acute liver failure

R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, J. Cǒté, 2006, Neurochemistry International.

Effect of Asparagine, Glutamine and Insulin on Cerebral Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

E. Hamel, R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, 1980, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Portacaval Anastomosis Results in Altered Neuron‐Astrocytic Metabolic Trafficking of Amino Acids: Evidence from 13C‐NMR Studies

R. Butterworth, U. Sonnewald, Guy Therrien, 1996, Journal of neurochemistry.

Portacaval anastomosis induces region‐selective alterations of the endogenous opioid system in the rat brain

R. Butterworth, J. D. de Waele, R. Audet, 1996, Hepatology.

Manganese toxicity, dopaminergic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, L. Spahr, G. P. Layrargues, 1995, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Effect of L-carnitine on cerebral and hepatic energy metabolites in congenitally hyperammonemic sparse-fur mice and its role during benzoate therapy.

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, I. Qureshi, 1993, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

Effect of sodium benzoate on cerebral and hepatic energy metabolites in spf mice with congenital hyperammonemia.

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, I. Qureshi, 1993, Biochemical pharmacology.

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: update on molecular mechanisms.

R. Butterworth, 2003, Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology.

Selective Loss of Expression of Glutamate GluR2/R3 Receptor Subunits in Cerebellar Tissue from a Patient with Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, T. Tannenberg, 2004, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Mechanisms of brain edema in acute liver failure and impact of novel therapeutic interventions

R. Butterworth, J. Vaquero, 2007, Neurological research.

An image of the brain in patients with liver disease.

R. Butterworth, A. Lockwood, K. Weissenborn, 1997, Current opinion in neurology.

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: Role of glutamine redefined

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Wenlei Jiang, 2012, Neurochemistry International.

An update on the role of brain glutamine synthesis and its relation to cell-specific energy metabolism in the hyperammonemic brain: Further studies using NMR spectroscopy

C. Zwingmann, R. Butterworth, 2005, Neurochemistry International.

Effects of hypothermia on brain glucose metabolism in acute liver failure: a H/C-nuclear magnetic resonance study.

D. Leibfritz, C. Zwingmann, N. Chatauret, 2003, Gastroenterology.

Hepatic Encephalopathy— A Serious Complication of Alcoholic Liver Disease

R. Butterworth, 2003, Alcohol research & health : the journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets

R. Butterworth, 2011, Neurochemistry International.

Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: New Insights from Neuroimaging and Molecular Studies

R. Butterworth, R. F. Butterworth, 2022 .

Altered glial–neuronal crosstalk: Cornerstone in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2010, Neurochemistry International.

Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Primary Astrocytopathy

R. Butterworth, 2009 .

The potential of molecular biological techniques in research on hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2003 .

Region selective alterations of soluble guanylate cyclase content and modulation in brain of cirrhotic patients

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, V. Felipo, 2002, Hepatology.

Complications of cirrhosis III. Hepatic encephalopathy.

R. Butterworth, 2000, Journal of hepatology.

Increased cerebrospinal fluid lactate reflects deterioration of neurological status in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. Therrien, J. Giguère, 1991, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in acute hyperammonemia

R. Butterworth, V. Felipo, 2002, Neurochemistry International.

Increased brain concentrations of a neuroinhibitory steroid in human hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, O. Mamer, G. P. Layrargues, 2005, Annals of neurology.

Alterations in soluble guanylate cyclase content and modulation by nitric oxide in liver disease

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, V. Felipo, 2004, Neurochemistry International.

Evidence for cholinergic neuronal loss in brain in congenital ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, I. Qureshi, 1994, Neuroscience Letters.

Update of cell damage mechanisms in thiamine deficiency: focus on oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and inflammation.

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2009, Alcohol and alcoholism.

Selective increase of neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in vulnerable brain regions of rats with experimental Wernicke’s encephalopathy: effect of nimesulide

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Bao-guang Gu, 2008, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Evidence for oxidative/nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2010, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Reprint of: Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets

R. Butterworth, 2012, Neurochemistry International.

Thiamine deficiency and wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS

R. Butterworth, J. Vincelette, A. Bourgault, 1991, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Consensus statement of a working party of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver

Y. Chawla, J. Dilawari, R. Aggarwal, 2010, Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology.

Early microglial response in experimental thiamine deficiency: An immunohistochemical analysis

R. Butterworth, K. Todd, R F Butterworth, 1999, Glia.

Reduced plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels are significantly correlated with fatigue severity in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis

R. Butterworth, C. Vincent, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 2008, Neurochemistry International.

Amino acids in autopsied human spinal cord. Selective changes in Friedreich's ataxia.

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, 1984, Neurochemical pathology.

Dehydroascorbic acid normalizes several markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in acute hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

P. Desjardins, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 2005, Neurochemistry International.

Beneficial effects of L-ornithine L-aspartate for prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis

R. Butterworth, 2019, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Beneficial effects of L-ornithine L-aspartate for prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis

R. Butterworth, 2019, Metabolic Brain Disease.

The Role of Liver Disease in Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Defects

R. Butterworth, 1995, Alcohol health and research world.

Neurotransmitter function in thiamine-deficiency encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 1982, Neurochemistry International.

A New Type of Eye Endoscope *

R. Butterworth, J. Bignell, 1952, The British journal of ophthalmology.

Alterations in expression of genes coding for key astrocytic proteins in acute liver failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, 2001, Journal of neuroscience research.

Neuroactive steroids and fatigue severity in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis C

R. Butterworth, C. Vincent, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 2008, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

Increased densities of peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors in brain autopsy samples from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. P. Layrargues, J. Lavoie, 1990, Hepatology.

Effect of probenecid on 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of rats with portacaval anastomosis

R. Butterworth, T. Reader, M. Bergeron, 1995, Neurochemical Research.

Neurotransmitter Dysfunction in Hepatic Encephalopathy: New Approaches and New Findings

R. Butterworth, 2001, Metabolic Brain Disease.

l-Ornithine l-Aspartate (LOLA) for Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Results of Randomized Controlled Trials and Meta-Analyses

M. Mcphail, R. Butterworth, 2019, Drugs.

Review article: the design of clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy – an International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) consensus statement

R. Butterworth, M. Morgan, J. Bajaj, 2011, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

Efficacy of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate for the prevention and Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: An Update of the Evidence Base

R. Butterworth, 2019, Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Research.

L-Ornithine L-Aspartate for the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis : Evidence for Novel Hepatoprotective Mechanisms

R. Butterworth, K. Grüngreiff, 2018 .

Hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute hepatic failure: Does glutamate play a role?

R. Butterworth, 1997, Hepatology.

l-Ornithine l-Aspartate (LOLA) for the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Novel Insights and Translation to the Clinic

R. Butterworth, 2019, Drugs.

Efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

M. Mcphail, R. Butterworth, G. Kircheis, 2018 .

Effects of liver failure on inter‐organ trafficking of ammonia: implications for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, 2004 .

Effect of LOLA ( oral formulation ) on liver enzymes in 463 patients with fatty liver

R. Butterworth, A. Canbay, 2019 .

Hepatoprotection by L-Ornithine L-Aspartate in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

R. Butterworth, A. Canbay, 2018, Digestive Diseases.

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure.

R. Butterworth, 2015, Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology.

Liver-brain proinflammatory signalling in acute liver failure: Role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema

R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2012, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Manganese distribution in the brain and neurobehavioral changes following inhalation exposure of rats to three chemical forms of manganese.

Donna Mergler, Joseph Zayed, Fariba Salehi, 2004, Neurotoxicology.

Increased Expression of “Peripheral-Type” Benzodiazepine Receptors in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Implications for PET Imaging of Hippocampal Sclerosis

A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, C. Rose, 2002, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Loss of noradrenaline transporter sites in frontal cortex of rats with acute (ischemic) liver failure

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, C. Rose, 2001, Neurochemistry International.

Effects of ornithine aminotransferase inactivation by 5-fluoromethylornithine in rats following portacaval anastomosis

R. Butterworth, N. Seiler, G. Therrien, 1994, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Portal-systemic encephalopathy: a disorder of neuron-astrocytic metabolic trafficking.

R. Butterworth, R F Butterworth, R. F. Butterworth, 1993, Developmental neuroscience.

Taurine in hepatic encephalopathy.

R. Butterworth, 1996, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

Selective loss of pallidal dopamine D2 receptor density in hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, P. Perney, 1993, Neuroscience Letters.

Thiamin deficiency and brain disorders

R. Butterworth, 2003, Nutrition Research Reviews.

Enzymes of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex of Mammalian Brain

R. Butterworth, 1989 .

Region‐Selective Decreases in Densities of [3H]Tryptamine Binding Sites in Autopsied Brain Tissue from Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, G. P. Layrargues, 1994, Journal of neurochemistry.

D IRECT MOLECULAR AND SPECTROSCOPIC EVIDENCE FOR INCREASED AMMONIA REMOVAL CAPACITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN ACUTE LIVER FAILURE

C. Zwingmann, P. Desjardins, N. Chatauret, 2013 .

CHAPTER 23 – NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION IN THIAMINE-DEFICIENCY ENCEPHALOPATHY

R. Butterworth, 1985 .

Bilirubin Metabolism — Preliminary Investigation

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, B. Lemieux, 1976, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

β-endorphin induced akinesia in rats: Effect of apomorphine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine and related modifications of dopamine turnover in the basal ganglia

N. Seidah, R. Butterworth, M. Chrétien, 1977 .

Selective Loss of N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate‐Sensitive l‐[3H]Glutamate Binding Sites in Rat Brain Following Portacaval Anastomosis

C. Cotman, R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in brain following portacaval anastomosis

R. Butterworth, R. Audet, V. Rao, 1997, Brain Research.

Loss of expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in acute hyperammonemia

P. Desjardins, N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, 2002, Neurochemistry International.

Mild Hypothermia in the Prevention of Brain Edema in Acute Liver Failure: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, C. Rose, 2002, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Prevention of brain edema in acute liver failure by hypothermia: recent advances

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, C. Rose, 2003 .

Mild hypothermia prevents cerebral edema in acute liver failure.

R. Butterworth, 2001, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

Potential for the Repurposing of Adamantane Antivirals for COVID-19

R. Butterworth, 2021, Drugs in R&D.

Adamantanes for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the presence of SARS-CoV-2

R. Butterworth, 2023, Frontiers in Neuroscience.

Antipyretics and Reye's syndrome.

R. Butterworth, 1998, Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale.

The wernicke-korsakoff syndrome and related neurologic disorders due to alcoholism and malnutrition Maurice Victor, Raymond D. Adams and George H. Collins (Contemporary Neurology Series, Vol. 30), F. A. Davis, 1989. £31.71 (xi + 231 pages) ISBN 0 8036 8921 7

R. Butterworth, 1989, Trends in Neurosciences.

Thiamine phosphatases in human brain: regional alterations in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.

R. Butterworth, V. Rao, 1995, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

Metal Toxicity, Liver Disease and Neurodegeneration

R. Butterworth, 2010, Neurotoxicity Research.

Regional distribution of binding sites for the nitric oxide synthase inhibitorl-[3H]Nitroarginine in rat brain

R. Butterworth, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1996, Neurochemical Research.

Kinetics, Pharmacology, and Autoradiographic Distribution of l‐[3H]Nitroarginine Binding Sites in Rat Cerebellum

R. Butterworth, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1996, Journal of neurochemistry.

Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia

D. Leibfritz, C. Zwingmann, N. Chatauret, 2004, Brain Research.

How important are brain banks for alcohol research?

A. Pfefferbaum, E. Adalsteinsson, E. Sullivan, 2003, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

The brain glutamate system in liver failure

R. Butterworth, J. Vaquero, Roger F. Butterworth, 2006, Journal of neurochemistry.

Amino Acid Changes in Autopsied Brain Tissue from Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. P. Layrargues, J. Giguère, 1987, Journal of neurochemistry.

Ammonia-induced swelling of rat cerebral cortical slices: Implications for the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute hepatic failure

R. Butterworth, P. Traber, A. Blei, 1989, Metabolic brain disease.

Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: The concept of synergism

R. Butterworth, 2008, Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology.

Monitoring of neurotransmitter amino acids by means of an indwelling cisterna magna catheter: A comparison of two rodent models of fulminant liver failure

R. Butterworth, M. Bergeron, R. Audet, 1992, Hepatology.

Cerebral inflammation contributes to encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure: protective effect of minocycline

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Wenlei Jiang, 2009, Journal of neurochemistry.

Familial Hyperbilirubinemia in Friedreich's Ataxia

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, D. Bédard, 1978, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Clinical Laboratory Findings in Friedreich's Ataxia

R. Butterworth, G. Geoffroy, D. Shapcott, 1976, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

A high-affinity [3H]tryptamine binding site in human brain.

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, 1995, Progress in brain research.

Serum and Platelet Lipoamide Dehydrogenase in Friedreich's Ataxia

R. Butterworth, A. Filla, G. Geoffroy, 1978, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Glucose and Insulin Metabolism in Friedreich's Ataxia

R. Butterworth, G. Geoffroy, D. Shapcott, 1976, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Epidemic of seasonal ataxia in Nigeria following ingestion of the African SilkwormAnaphe venata: Role of thiamine deficiency?

D. McCandless, R. Butterworth, B. Adamolekun, 2007, Metabolic brain disease.

Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Primary Neurogliopathy

R. Butterworth, S. DeMorrow, 2014 .

Platelet Taurine Uptake in Spinocerebellar Degeneration

R. Butterworth, A. Filla, G. Geoffroy, 1978, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Mild Hypothermia Prevents Cerebral Edema and CSF Lactate Accumulation in Acute Liver Failure

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, C. Rose, 2001, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Liver-brain proinflammatory signalling in acute liver failure: Role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema

R. Butterworth, C. Bémeur, 2013, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Region-selective reductions in activities of glutamine synthetase in rat brain following portacaval anastomosis

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, Guylaine Girard, 1993, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities are unchanged in brain in human and experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. Therrien, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1994, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies on the inhibitory effect of ammonium ions on synaptic transmission in slices of rat hippocampus: Evidence for a postsynaptic action

R. Butterworth, J. Szerb, J. Lavoie, 1990, Neuroscience.

Regional Differences in the Capacity for Ammonia Removal by Brain Following Portocaval Anastomosis

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, Guylaine Girard, 1988, Journal of neurochemistry.

The biosynthesis of ascorbate protects isolated rat hepatocytes from cumene hydroperoxide-mediated oxidative stress.

R. Butterworth, P. O'Brien, N. Shangari, 2005, Free radical biology & medicine.

Cerebral aminoacids in portal-systemic encephalopathy: Lack of evidence for altered γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, 1986, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: the concept of synergism revisited

R. Butterworth, 2016, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Distinctive pattern of Bergmann glial pathology in human hepatic encephalopathy.

R. Butterworth, J. Kril, D. Flowers, 1997, Molecular and chemical neuropathology.

Alterations of Neurotransmitter-Related Gene Expression in Human and Experimental Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Parkinsonism in cirrhosis: pathogenesis and current therapeutic options

R. Butterworth, 2013, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, 2012 .

The “peripheral-type” benzodiazepine (omega 3) receptor in hyperammonemic disorders

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, 2002, Neurochemistry International.

Cerebral GABA-ergic and glutamatergic function in hepatic encephalopathy.

R. Butterworth, M. Bergeron, G. P. Layrargues, 1987, Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology.

Chronic exposure of rat primary astrocyte cultures to manganese results in increased binding sites for the ‘peripheral-type’ benzodiazepine receptor ligand 3H-PK 11195

P. Desjardins, A. Hazell, R. Butterworth, 1999, Neuroscience Letters.

Increased brain content of the endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand, octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), following portacaval anastomosis in the rat

R. Butterworth, H. Vaudry, G. Pelletier, 1991, Peptides.

Activities of neuronal and astrocytic marker enzymes in autopsied brain tissue from patients with hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. P. Layrargues, J. Giguère, 1987, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Region-Selective Glutamine Changes in the CNS in Relation to Function in Experimental Subacute Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, 1984 .

Double-Isotope Dansyl Microassay for Cerebral Amino Acids

R. Butterworth, 1985 .

Increased Brain Concentrations of Endogenous (Non-benzodiazepine) GABA-A Receptor Ligands in Human Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, S. Ahboucha, 2004, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Normal coupling of brain benzodiazepine and neurosteroid modulatory sites on the GABA-A receptor complex in human hepatic encephalopathy

P. Desjardins, N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, 2003, Neurochemistry International.

Plasma and CSF Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligand Concentrations in Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy: Relationship to Severity of Encephalopathy and to Pharmaceutical Benzodiazepine Intake

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, P. Perney, 1998, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Effect of Portacaval Anastomosis on Ammonia Metabolism in Brain and Liver

R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, Guylaine Girard, 1989 .

The Neurobiology of Hepatic Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, R F Butterworth, 1996, Seminars in liver disease.

Animal Models of the Cerebellar Ataxias

R. Butterworth, 1992 .

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, P. Deyn, 1996, Neuroscience Letters.

Portacaval anastomosis causes selective alterations of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor expression in rat brain and peripheral tissues

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, V. Rao, 1999, Neurochemistry International.

Increased densities of binding sites for the ‘peripheral-type’ benzodiazepine receptor ligand [3H]PK 11195 in rat brain following portacaval anastomosis

E. Hamel, R. Butterworth, J. Giguère, 1992, Brain Research.

Increased Nitric Oxide Synthase Activities and l‐[3H]Arginine Uptake in Brain Following Portacaval Anastomosis

R. Butterworth, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, R. Audet, 1995, Journal of neurochemistry.

Asian Pacific Association for Study of the Liver (APASL)

M. Alter, M. Hashizume, M. Manns, 2003 .

Quantitative autoradiography using selective radioligands for central and peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy: implications for positron emission tomography imaging.

R. Butterworth, D. K. Leong, L. Oliva, 1996, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

Selective loss of binding sites for the glutamate receptor ligands [3H]kainate and (S)‐[3H]5‐fluorowillardiine in the brains of rats with acute liver failure

R. Butterworth, A. Michalak, 1997, Hepatology.

Astroglial protein tyrosine nitration by ammonia

K. Zilles, R. Butterworth, F. Schliess, 2003 .

Animal models of neurological disease.

R. Butterworth, G. Baker, A. Boulton, 1992 .

Brain edema in acute liver failure.

R. Butterworth, 2003, Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology.

Increased Densities of Binding Sites for the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligand [3H]PK 11195 in Congenital Ornithine Transcarbamylase-Deficient Sparse Fur Mouse

R. Butterworth, I. Qureshi, V. Rao, 1993, Pediatric Research.

Vesicular dysfunction during experimental thiamine deficiency is indicated by alterations in dopamine metabolism.

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, V. Rao, 1996, European journal of pharmacology.

Nitric oxide synthase activities are selectively decreased in vulnerable brain regions in thiamine deficiency

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, V. Rao, 1996, Neuroscience Letters.

Evaluation of the Role of NMDA-Mediated Excitotoxicity in the Selective Neuronal Loss in Experimental Wernicke Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, K. Todd, 1998, Experimental Neurology.

REGIONAL AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTER DISTRIBUTION IN THIAMIN DEFICIENCY *

R. Butterworth, 1982 .

Amino Acid Changes in Thiamine-Deficient Encephalopathy: Some Implications for the Pathogenesis of Friedreich's Ataxia

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, E. Hamel, 1979, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Alterations in Serotonin Parameters in Brain of Thiamine‐Deficient Rats Are Evident Prior to the Appearance of Neurological Symptoms

R. Butterworth, D. Mousseau, V. L. Raghavendra Rao, 1996, Journal of neurochemistry.

Increased Densities of Binding Sites for the “Peripheral-Type” Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligand [3H]PK11195 in Vulnerable Regions of the Rat Brain in Thiamine Deficiency Encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, D. K. Leong, Oanh Le, 1994, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

Increased manganese (Mn2+) in blood and in pallidum of cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy: Factor responsible for magnetic resonance (MR) Signal hyperintensity?

R. Butterworth, L. Spahr, G. P. Layrargues, 1995 .

Na+,K+-ATPase activities are increased in brain in both congenital and acquired hyperammonemic syndromes

R. Butterworth, L. Ratnakumari, I. Qureshi, 1995, Neuroscience Letters.

Cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in relation to neurological status in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, G. Therrien, 1991, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Effect of Portacaval Anastomosis on Electrically Stimulated Release of Glutamate from Rat Hippocampal Slices

R. Butterworth, J. Szerb, J. Lavoie, 1991, Journal of neurochemistry.

Glutamate transporter and receptor function in disorders of ammonia metabolism.

R. Butterworth, 2001, Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews.

Effects of thiamine deficiency on thiamine-dependent enzymes in regions of the brain of pregnant rats and their offspring

R. Butterworth, H. Fournier, Roger F. Butterworth, 1990, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Flumazenil in cirrhotic patients in hepatic coma: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover trial

R. Butterworth, P. Perney, M. D'Amour, 1994, Hepatology.

Detection of benzodiazepine in hepatic encephalopathy

R. Butterworth, K. Mullen, G. Pomier‐Layrargues, 1995, Hepatology.

Molecular Neurobiology of Acute Liver Failure

R. Butterworth, 2003, Seminars in liver disease.

Editorial Images of the brain in chronic liver failure

R. Butterworth, 2001 .

The concept of “the inflamed brain” in acute liver failure: mechanisms and new therapeutic opportunities

R. Butterworth, 2016, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Fluorescence Analysis of Amines and Their Metabolites

W. Dewhurst, R. Butterworth, J. M. Baker, 1985 .

Brain edema and encephalopathy in acute liver failure: a primary neurogliopathy?

R. Butterworth, 2012, Neurochemistry International.

Animal Models of the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

R. Butterworth, M. Héroux, 1992 .

Repurposing of Adamantanes for the Treatment of COVID-19: Rationale and Perspectives

R. Butterworth, 2020, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.

Repurposing of Adamantanes for the Potential Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19

R. Butterworth, 2014 .

Possible serotonin-agonist action of veratramine

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, G. Tunnicliff, 1978, Brain Research Bulletin.

Characterization of binding sites for the omega3 receptor ligands [3H]PK11195 and [3H]RO5-4864 in human brain.

R. Butterworth, V. Rao, 1997, European journal of pharmacology.

PULSE-GIVING PUMP

R. Butterworth, 1960 .

Hepatoprotection by L-Ornithine L-Aspartate in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

R. Butterworth, A. Canbay, 2018, Digestive Diseases.

Indomethacin improves locomotor deficit and reduces brain concentrations of neuroinhibitory steroids in rats following portacaval anastomosis

N. Chatauret, R. Butterworth, G. Baker, 2008, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

Experimental models of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN guidelines

M. Norenberg, R. Butterworth, V. Felipo, 2009, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

Selective alterations of brain dopamine D2 receptor binding in cirrhotic patients: results of a 11C-N-methylspiperone PET study

R. Butterworth, Kazuyuki Suzuki, K. Sera, 2008, Metabolic Brain Disease.

Increased expression of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor-isoquinoline carboxamide binding protein mRNA in brain following portacaval anastomosis

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, S. Ledoux, 1997, Brain Research.

Hypothermia attenuates oxidative/nitrosative stress, encephalopathy and brain edema in acute (ischemic) liver failure

P. Desjardins, R. Butterworth, Wenlei Jiang, 2009, Neurochemistry International.

Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: new insights from neuroimaging and molecular studies.

R. Butterworth, 2003, Journal of hepatology.

Effects of Glutamate and Aspartate on Ataxic Gait Induced by 3-Acetyl Pyridine in Rats

R. Butterworth, A. Barbeau, F. Jolicoeur, 1980, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

Lipopolysaccharide precipitates hepatic encephalopathy and increases blood–brain barrier permeability in mice with acute liver failure

R. Butterworth, M. Bélanger, B. Nguyen, 2014, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.