S. Turner

S. Turner, A. Bateman, A. Collins, 2002, European journal of immunogenetics : official journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.

The Impact of MHC Class I Dose on Development and Maintenance of the Polyclonal Naive CD8+ T Cell Repertoire

Kylie M. Quinn, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2020, The Journal of Immunology.

Characterization of the ectromelia virus serpin, SPI-2.

S. Turner, J. Silke, J. Ruby, 2000, The Journal of general virology.

TCR alpha-chain usage can determine antigen-selected TCR beta-chain repertoire diversity.

S. Turner, F. Carbone, S. Cose, 1996, Journal of immunology.

T cell receptor Vα bias can be determined by TCR‐contact residues within an MHC‐bound peptide

S. Turner, F. Carbone, J. M. Kelly, 1995 .

Identification of conserved T cell receptor CDR3 residues contacting known exposed peptide side chains from a major histocompatibility complex class I‐bound determinant

P. Fink, S. Turner, S. Rodda, 1993, European journal of immunology.

T cell mediated immunity to influenza: mechanisms of viral control.

S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2014, Trends in immunology.

Method for assessing the similarity between subsets of the T cell receptor repertoire.

Mark M. Tanaka, Katherine Kedzierska, Mark M Tanaka, 2008, Journal of immunological methods.

mediated gene transfer into repopulating hematopoietic cells - Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome are corrected by oncoretroviral vector mediated immunity to influenza virus in murine -

P. Doherty, S. Turner, A. Nienhuis, 2013 .

Defects in T-cell-mediated immunity to influenza virus in murine Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome are corrected by oncoretroviral vector-mediated gene transfer into repopulating hematopoietic cells.

P. Doherty, D. Srivastava, S. Turner, 2003, Blood.

Variability of Inducible Expression across the Hematopoietic System of Tetracycline Transactivator Transgenic Mice

S. Lowe, R. Dickins, S. Turner, 2013, PloS one.

Cytokine/Granzyme B Profiles Cells with Regime-Dependent + Immunization Induces High-Avidity CD8 Mucosal HIV-1 Pox Virus Prime-Boost

P. Doherty, S. Turner, D. Sutherland, 2007 .

Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor single nucleotide polymorphisms on tumour development in cutaneous malignant melanoma

S. Turner, A. Bateman, W. Howell, 2002, Genes and Immunity.

Shaping the T‐cell repertoire in the periphery

S. Turner, P. Gleeson, I. Driel, 2011, Immunology and cell biology.

The immune response to influenza A viruses

P. Doherty, S. Turner, J. Mintern, 2011 .

Limited Phenotypic and Functional Plasticity of Influenza Virus–Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells during Activation in an Alternative Cytokine Environment

A. Kelso, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2018, The Journal of Immunology.

Fixed Expression of Single Influenza Virus–Specific TCR Chains Demonstrates the Capacity for TCR α– and β–Chain Diversity in the Face of Peptide–MHC Class I Specificity

P. Doherty, E. B. Clemens, N. Gruta, 2015, The Journal of Immunology.

Impact of Sex Steroid Ablation on Viral, Tumour and Vaccine Responses in Aged Mice

I. Frazer, T. Heng, S. Turner, 2012, PloS one.

Effect of MHC Class I Diversification on Influenza Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Precursor Frequency and Subsequent Effector Function

P. Doherty, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2011, The Journal of Immunology.

The role of epigenetics in the acquisition and maintenance of effector function in virus‐specific CD8 T cells

P. Doherty, S. Turner, Matthew R Olson, 2010, IUBMB life.

Interplay between Chromatin Remodeling and Epigenetic Changes during Lineage-Specific Commitment to Granzyme B Expression1

P. Doherty, S. Turner, D. Tremethick, 2009, The Journal of Immunology.

Role of CD8+ T-cell immunity in influenza infection: potential use in future vaccine development

A. Kelso, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2009, Expert review of respiratory medicine.

Lineage-Specific Commitment to Granzyme and Epigenetic Changes during Interplay between Chromatin Remodeling

P. Doherty, S. Turner, D. Tremethick, 2009 .

Tracking phenotypically and functionally distinct T cell subsets via T cell repertoire diversity.

Nicole L La Gruta, Katherine Kedzierska, P. Doherty, 2008, Molecular immunology.

The Context of Epitope Presentation Can Influence Functional Quality of Recalled Influenza A Virus-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells1

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

Heterogeneity of Effector Phenotype for Acute Phase and Memory Influenza A Virus-Specific CTL1

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

Influenza A Virus-Specific Memory CD 8 Influence Functional Quality of Recalled The Context of Epitope Presentation

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2007 .

Quantification of Repertoire Diversity of Influenza-Specific Epitopes with Predominant Public or Private TCR Usage1

P. Doherty, S. Perlman, K. Kedzierska, 2006, The Journal of Immunology.

Establishment and recall of CD8+ T‐cell memory in a model of localized transient infection

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2006, Immunological reviews.

Predominant Public or Private TCR Usage Influenza-Specific Epitopes with Quantification of Repertoire Diversity of

P. Doherty, S. Perlman, K. Kedzierska, 2006 .

Contribution of T cell receptor affinity to overall avidity for virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses.

M. Davenport, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Lack of prominent peptide–major histocompatibility complex features limits repertoire diversity in virus-specific CD8+ T cell populations

R. Webby, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2005, Nature Immunology.

Hierarchies in Cytokine Expression Profiles for Acute and Resolving Influenza Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses: Correlation of Cytokine Profile and TCR Avidity1

P. Doherty, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2004, The Journal of Immunology.

Conserved T cell receptor usage in primary and recall responses to an immunodominant influenza virus nucleoprotein epitope.

Katherine Kedzierska, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Memories of virus‐specific CD8+ T cells

P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2004, Immunology and cell biology.

Differential tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-mediated editing of virus-specific CD8+ effector T cells.

P. Doherty, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Protection and compensation in the influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell response

R. Webster, R. Webby, P. Doherty, 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Active maintenance of CD8+ T cell naïvety through regulation of global genome architecture

A. Goldrath, S. Turner, C. Murre, 2023, bioRxiv.

c‐Rel employs multiple mechanisms to promote the thymic development and peripheral function of regulatory T cells in mice

Kenneth G. C. Smith, Haroon Naeem, U. Klein, 2021, European journal of immunology.

Immune cellular networks underlying recovery from influenza virus infection in acute hospitalized patients

K. Laurie, M. Aban, L. Loh, 2021, Nature Communications.

Clonally diverse CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells persist during fatal H7N9 disease

F. Luciani, Pengxing Cao, J. McCaw, 2018, Nature Communications.

Inactivated Influenza Vaccine That Provides Rapid, Innate-Immune-System-Mediated Protection and Subsequent Long-Term Adaptive Immunity

A. Kelso, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2015, mBio.

Oseltamivir Prophylaxis Reduces Inflammation and Facilitates Establishment of Cross-Strain Protective T Cell Memory to Influenza Viruses

A. Hurt, Li Tang, K. Kedzierska, 2015, PloS one.

Acute emergence and reversion of influenza A virus quasispecies within CD8+ T cell antigenic peptides

J. McVernon, A. Kelso, K. Laurie, 2013, Nature Communications.

Cell‐mediated immunity

A. Kelso, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2013 .

Preemptive priming readily overcomes structure-based mechanisms of virus escape

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Chimeric virus-like particles for the delivery of an inserted conserved influenza A-specific CTL epitope.

S. Turner, H. Netter, R. Boyd, 2009, Antiviral research.

The Influenza Virus–Specific CTL Immunodominance Hierarchy in Mice Is Determined by the Relative Frequency of High-Avidity T Cells

P. Doherty, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2014, The Journal of Immunology.

Reproducible selection of high avidity CD8+ T-cell clones following secondary acute virus infection

P. Doherty, P. Thomas, S. Turner, 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

A virus-specific CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy determined by antigen dose and precursor frequencies.

R. Webby, M. Davenport, P. Doherty, 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Targeting BMI-1 in B cells restores effective humoral immune responses and controls chronic viral infection

Uri Hershberg, Christopher D. Scharer, S. Turner, 2021, Nature Immunology.

Activation and in vivo evolution of the MAIT cell transcriptome in mice and humans reveals diverse functionality

P. Klenerman, S. Turner, J. McCluskey, 2018, bioRxiv.

Protective Efficacy of Cross-Reactive CD8+ T Cells Recognising Mutant Viral Epitopes Depends on Peptide-MHC-I Structural Interactions and T Cell Activation Threshold

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, P. Thomas, 2010, PLoS pathogens.

The virus-immunity ecosystem

P. Doherty, S. Turner, Peter C. Doherty, 2005, Archives of virology. Supplementum.

Th1 Cells Alter the Inflammatory Signature of IL-6 by Channeling STAT Transcription Factors to Alu-like Retroelements

P. Holmans, P. Taylor, Simon A. Jones, 2023, bioRxiv.

CD154+ CD4+ T‐cell dependence for effective memory influenza virus‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses

P. Doherty, S. Turner, K. Edenborough, 2014, Immunology and cell biology.

Unlike CD4+ T‐cell help, CD28 costimulation is necessary for effective primary CD8+ T‐cell influenza‐specific immunity

S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, G. Belz, 2012, European journal of immunology.

HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 allelic polymorphism and sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis of the breast.

S. Turner, A. Bateman, W. Howell, 1999, Journal of clinical pathology.

Structural basis for enabling T-cell receptor diversity within biased virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses

Stephen J. Turner, Anthony W. Purcell, Peter C. Doherty, 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Dynamic regulation of permissive histone modifications and GATA3 binding underpin acquisition of granzyme A expression by virus‐specific CD8+ T cells

A. Kelso, S. Turner, M. Olshansky, 2016, European journal of immunology.

Tuning antiviral CD8 T-cell response via proline-altered peptide ligand vaccination

S. Turner, P. Nygren, N. Kadri, 2019, bioRxiv.

A correlation between function and selected measures of T cell avidity in influenza virus‐specific CD8+ T cell responses

P. Doherty, S. Turner, Nicole L. La Gruta, 2006, European journal of immunology.

HLA class II DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 genotypic associations with peanut allergy: evidence from a family‐based and case‐control study

S. Turner, J. Hourihane, J. Warner, 1998, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Granzyme K expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes protects against influenza virus in granzyme AB-/- mice.

J. Trapani, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2008, Viral immunology.

Sharing of T cell receptors in antigen-specific responses is driven by convergent recombination

Daniel C. Douek, David A. Price, Stephen J. Turner, 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Nuclear PKC-θ facilitates rapid transcriptional responses in human memory CD4+ T cells through p65 and H2B phosphorylation

S. Turner, A. Kelleher, J. Zaunders, 2016, Journal of Cell Science.

Infection induces tissue-resident memory NK cells that safeguard tissue health.

Joseph C. Sun, S. Turner, M. Degli-Esposti, 2023, Immunity.

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL17 production via IRF4 to mediate inflammation.

S. Turner, S. Nutt, J. Hamilton, 2016, The Journal of clinical investigation.

Cytokine gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and susceptibility to and prognosis in cutaneous malignant melanoma.

S. Turner, A. Bateman, W. Howell, 2003, European journal of immunogenetics : official journal of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics.

Differentiation-dependent functional and epigenetic landscapes for cytokine genes in virus-specific CD8+ T cells

P. Doherty, S. Turner, Sudha Rao, 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Invasiveness of cutaneous malignant melanoma is influenced by matrix metalloproteinase 1 gene polymorphism.

I. Day, S. Ye, S. Turner, 2001, Cancer research.

Methods for comparing the diversity of samples of the T cell receptor repertoire.

Katherine Kedzierska, M. Davenport, P. Doherty, 2007, Journal of immunological methods.

Cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell immunity between the pandemic H1N1-2009 and H1N1-1918 influenza A viruses

A. Kelso, K. Laurie, P. Doherty, 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

IL‐18, but not IL‐12, is required for optimal cytokine production by influenza virus‐specific CD8+ T cells

P. Doherty, S. Turner, A. Denton, 2007, European journal of immunology.

Influenza Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Avidity, but Not Cytokine Polyfunctionality, Can Be Determined by TCRβ Clonotype

P. Doherty, P. Thomas, S. Turner, 2010, The Journal of Immunology.

Epitope-specific TCRβ repertoire diversity imparts no functional advantage on the CD8+ T cell response to cognate viral peptides

P. Doherty, P. Thomas, S. Turner, 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

HLA-DQB1*0303 and *0301 alleles influence susceptibility to and prognosis in cutaneous malignant melanoma in the British Caucasian population.

S. Turner, A. Bateman, W. Howell, 1998, Tissue antigens.

Functional implications of T cell receptor diversity.

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, P. Thomas, 2009, Current opinion in immunology.

Viral modulation of the host response via crmA/SPI‐2 expression

S. Turner, J. Ruby, B. Kenshole, 1999, Immunology and cell biology.

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyltransferase Is Required for the Establishment of Private Virus-Specific CD8+ TCR Repertoires and Facilitates Optimal CTL Responses1

M. Davenport, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2008, The Journal of Immunology.

The ability of fish oil to suppress tumor necrosis factor alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy men is associated with polymorphisms in genes that influence tumor necrosis factor alpha production.

P. Calder, S. Turner, R. Grimble, 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

The ability of fish oil to suppress tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy men is associated with polymorphisms in genes that influence tumor

P. Calder, S. Turner, R. Grimble, 2002 .

Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice

K. Duca, S. Turner, G. Deliyannis, 2008, Respiratory research.

Extrinsically derived TNF is primarily responsible for limiting antiviral CD8+ T cell response magnitude

Kylie M. Quinn, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2017, PloS one.

In-concert immune dynamics during natural influenza virus infection and recovery in acute hospitalized patients

K. Laurie, M. Aban, L. Loh, 2020, medRxiv.

T-cell immunity against the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic virus

A. Kelso, K. Laurie, P. Doherty, 2011 .

Q U E S T I O N & A N S W E R Open Access

A. Kelso, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2010 .

Q U E S T I O N & A N S W E R Open Access

A. Kelso, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2010 .

Q&A: What have we found out about the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic virus?

A. Kelso, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2009, Journal of biology.

Question & Answer Q & A : What have we found out about the influenza A ( H 1 N 1 ) 2009 pandemic virus ?

A. Kelso, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2009 .

Role of single nucleotide polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the relationship between serum lipids and inflammatory parameters, and the lipid-lowering effect of fish oil in healthy males.

P. Calder, S. Turner, R. Grimble, 2004, Clinical nutrition.

Glucocorticoids promote apoptosis of proinflammatory monocytes by inhibiting ERK activity

S. Turner, J. Hamilton, P. Lam, 2018, Cell Death & Disease.

Location rather than CD62L phenotype is critical in the early establishment of influenza-specific CD8+ T cell memory

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The Challenge of Viral Immunity

P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2007, Immunity.

Differential Antigen Presentation Regulates the Changing Patterns of CD8+ T Cell Immunodominance in Primary and Secondary Influenza Virus Infections

P. Doherty, S. Turner, Shannon C Miller, 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces CCL 17 production via IRF 4 to mediate inflammation

S. Turner, S. Nutt, J. Hamilton, 2019 .

Epitope‐specific CD4+, but not CD8+, T‐cell responses induced by recombinant influenza A viruses protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

S. Turner, J. Stambas, M. Flórido, 2015, European journal of immunology.

Narrowed TCR diversity for immunised mice challenged with recombinant influenza A-HIV Env(311-320) virus.

M. Davenport, P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2009, Vaccine.

Disregulated influenza A virus-specific CD8+ T cell homeostasis in the absence of IFN-gamma signaling.

P. Doherty, S. Turner, G. Diaz, 2007, Journal of immunology.

Ptpn2 and KLRG1 regulate the generation and function of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in skin

D. Tscharke, S. Turner, I. Parish, 2021, The Journal of experimental medicine.

Early establishment of diverse T cell receptor profiles for influenza-specific CD8(+)CD62L(hi) memory T cells.

M. Davenport, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Predisposed αβ T cell antigen receptor recognition of MHC and MHC-I like molecules?

James McCluskey, Jamie Rossjohn, S. Turner, 2013, Current opinion in immunology.

Complete modification of TCR specificity and repertoire selection does not perturb a CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy

R. Webby, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

DNA architectural protein CTCF facilitates subset-specific chromatin interactions to limit the formation of memory CD8+ T cells.

A. Goldrath, S. Turner, S. Crotty, 2023, Immunity.

ARMS-PCR methodologies to determine IL-10, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and TGF-beta 1 gene polymorphisms.

S. Turner, V. Pravica, I. Hutchinson, 1999, Transplant Immunology.

Clonally diverse CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells persist during fatal H7N9 disease

F. Luciani, Pengxing Cao, L. Loh, 2018, Nature Communications.

Mucosal HIV-1 pox virus prime-boost immunization induces high-avidity CD8+ T cells with regime-dependent cytokine/granzyme B profiles.

P. Doherty, S. Turner, D. Sutherland, 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

influenza A viruses protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

S. Turner, J. Stambas, M. Flórido, 2014 .

Robust immunity to influenza vaccination in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients following reconstitution of humoral and adaptive immunity

M. Aban, A. Hurt, Thi H. O. Nguyen, 2023, Clinical & translational immunology.

A dominant V beta bias in the CTL response after HSV-1 infection is determined by peptide residues predicted to also interact with the TCR beta-chain CDR3.

S. Turner, F. Carbone, Francis R. Carbone, 1998, Molecular immunology.

Functional mapping of the orientation for TCR recognition of an H2-Kb-restricted ovalbumin peptide suggests that the beta-chain subunit can dominate the determination of peptide side chain specificity.

S. Jameson, S. Turner, F. Carbone, 1997, Journal of immunology.

Glucocorticoids promote apoptosis of proinflammatory monocytes by inhibiting ERK activity

S. Turner, J. Hamilton, P. Lam, 2018, Cell Death & Disease.

Q&A: What do we know about influenza and what can we do about it?

P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2009, Journal of biology.

Question and Answer Q&A: What do we know about influenza and what can we do about it?

P. Doherty, S. Turner, 2009 .

Can T cells be too exhausted to fight back?

S. Turner, Brendan Russ, 2016, Science.

Interplay between chromatin remodeling and epigenetic changes during lineage-specific commitment to granzyme B expression

P. Doherty, S. Turner, D. Tremethick, 2010, The Journal of Immunology.

Crystal Structure of HLA B*3501 in complex with influenza NP418 epitope from 1918 strain

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2010 .

Fixing an irrelevant TCRα chain reveals the importance of TCRβ diversity for optimal TCRαβ pairing and function of virus‐specific CD8+ T cells

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2010, European journal of immunology.

Primary CTL response magnitude in mice is determined by the extent of naive T cell recruitment and subsequent clonal expansion.

P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2010, The Journal of clinical investigation.

Affinity Thresholds for Naive CD8+ CTL Activation by Peptides and Engineered Influenza A Viruses

P. Doherty, S. Turner, J. Rossjohn, 2011, The Journal of Immunology.

Competition within the virus‐specific CD4 T‐cell pool limits the T follicular helper response after influenza infection

P. Doherty, S. Turner, D. Jackson, 2016, Immunology and cell biology.

Cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell immunity between the pandemic H1N1-2009 and H1N1-1918 influenza A viruses

A. Kelso, K. Laurie, P. Doherty, 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Role of CD8+ T-cell immunity in influenza infection: potential use in future vaccine development

A. Kelso, S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, 2009, Expert review of respiratory medicine.

A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC‐I‐restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned

A. Sewell, S. Turner, J. McCluskey, 2012, Immunological reviews.

αβ T cell receptors come out swinging.

S. Turner, J. Rossjohn, 2011, Immunity.

KDM6B-dependent chromatin remodeling underpins effective virus-specific CD8+ T cell differentiation.

Linden J. Gearing, M. Nguyen, N. Gruta, 2021, Cell reports.

Anti-SIV cytolytic molecules in pigtail macaques.

S. Kent, K. Kedzierska, S. Turner, 2008, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

Reproducible selection of high avidity CD8+ T-cell clones following secondary acute virus infection

P. Doherty, S. Turner, A. Handel, 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–induced killing in the absence of granzymes A and B is unique and distinct from both apoptosis and perforin-dependent lysis

J. Trapani, S. Turner, P. Bird, 2006, The Journal of cell biology.

Contribution of T cell receptor affinity to overall avidity for virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses.

M. Davenport, P. Doherty, K. Kedzierska, 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

CD8+ T-Cell Memory: The Why, the When, and the How.

S. Turner, N. L. La Gruta, T. Bennett, 2021, Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology.