M. Osterholm

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, K. L. MacDonald, 1994, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Infectious disease surveillance: a crumbling foundation.

J M Hughes, R L Berkelman, J. Hughes, 1994, Science.

Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs: When, Where, and Why?

M. Osterholm, K. L. MacDonald, 1995, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

An outbreak of nitrogen dioxide-induced respiratory illness among ice hockey players.

C W Hedberg, K E White, C. Iber, 1989, JAMA.

Irradiation pasteurization of solid foods: taking food safety to the next level.

M. Osterholm, M. Potter, 1997, Emerging infectious diseases.

The medical impact of a bioterrorist attack. Is it all media hype or clearly a potential nightmare?

M. Osterholm, 1999, Postgraduate medicine.

Decline in serum antibody to the capsule of Haemophilus influenzae type b in the immediate postimmunization period.

M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, R. Daum, 1989, The Journal of pediatrics.

Effect of carrier protein priming on antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants.

R. Belshe, M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, 1994, JAMA.

Clinical viral hepatitis B among Minnesota hospital personnel. Results of a ten-year statewide survey.

M. Osterholm, S. Garayalde, Michael T. Osterholm, 1985, JAMA.

An outbreak of measles at an international sporting event with airborne transmission in a domed stadium.

K. Ehresmann, M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, 1995, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases and child day care

R. Reves, M. Osterholm, L. Pickering, 1984, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

Cyclosporiasis and raspberries--lessons for the future.

M. Osterholm, 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

An outbreak of giardiasis in a nursing home with evidence for multiple modes of transmission.

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, K. White, 1989, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease in Children <5 Years of Age in Minnesota and in Dallas County, Texas, 1983–1984

M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, K. White, 1992 .

Meningococcal disease and public health practice: a complicated road map.

M. Osterholm, K. Moore, 1998, JAMA.

A statewide assessment of the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis.

M. Osterholm, K. White, J. Kaplan, 1985, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Serologic study of two clusters of infection due to Campylobacter jejuni.

M. Blaser, M. Osterholm, G. Istre, 1983, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Viral hepatitis—Update

M. Osterholm, 1979 .

Foodborne Illness in the 1990s-Reply

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, K. L. MacDonald, 1993 .

Serologic tests for antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. Another Pandora's Box for medicine?

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, Craig W. Hedberg, 1990, Archives of internal medicine.

The impact of bias in the Tri-State Toxic-Shock Syndrome Study.

J. Mandel, M. Osterholm, R. Gibson, 1985, Archives of internal medicine.

Diagnostic bias and toxic shock syndrome

J. P. Davis, J. Mandel, M. Osterholm, 1984 .

Toxic-shock syndrome in Minnesota: results of an active-passive surveillance system.

M. Osterholm, J. Forfang, 1982, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Toxic shock syndrome: relation to catamenial products, personal health and hygiene, and sexual practices.

M. Osterholm, R. Gibson, J. Davis, 1982, Annals of internal medicine.

Shiga Toxin Antigen Detection Should Not Replace Sorbitol MacConkey Agar Screening of Stool Specimens

J. Besser, M. Osterholm, P. Tarr, 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

Lessons learned again: cyclosporiasis and raspberries.

M. Osterholm, 1999 .

Lessons Learned Again: Cyclosporiasis and Raspberries

M. Osterholm, 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

Toxic shock syndrome: chronology of state and federal epidemiologic studies and regulatory decision-making.

M. Osterholm, G. Schmid, M. Donawa, 1984, Public health reports.

Tampons and toxic shock syndrome.

J. P. Davis, J. Mandel, M. Osterholm, 1983, JAMA.

Salmonella serotype Tennessee in powdered milk products and infant formula--Canada and United States, 1993.

H. Lior, M. Osterholm, A. Paccagnella, 1993, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and tryptophan.

M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, A. N. Mayeno, 1992, Annual review of nutrition.

Lyme disease and erythema chronicum migrans in Minnesota.

D. N. Williams, M. Osterholm, J. Vance, 1982, Minnesota medicine.

A statewide survey of immunization rates in Minnesota school age children: implications for targeted assessment and prevention strategies.

K. Ehresmann, M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, 1998, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

Infectious diseases in child day care: management and prevention. Summary of the symposium and recommendations.

M. Osterholm, S. Aronson, 1986, Reviews of Infectious Diseases.

Infectious disease in child day care: an overview.

M. Osterholm, 1994, Pediatrics.

Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in day care attendees: implications for management.

J. Gilsdorf, M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, 1986, Reviews of infectious diseases.

Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense.

Philip K. Russell, D A Henderson, M. Ascher, 1999, JAMA.

Chronicle of a Pandemic Foretold Learning From the COVID-19 Failure Before the Next Outbreak Arrives

M. Osterholm, M. Olshaker, 2020 .

Drownings in Minnesota, 1980-85: a population-based study.

M. Osterholm, P. Gunderson, K. L. MacDonald, 1990, American journal of public health.

A 1957 outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a meat packing plant.

M. Osterholm, T. Chin, A. Dean, 1983, American journal of epidemiology.

Foodborne outbreaks caused by Cyclospora: the message is more important than the messenger

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, 2015, Epidemiology and Infection.

Safety and effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 vaccine in Beijing.

Nicholas S. Kelley, M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

Multistate outbreak of Salmonella poona infections - United States and Canada, 1991

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, J. Spika, 1991 .

Perinatal echovirus infection.

B. Polk, M. Osterholm, J. Williams, 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

Ocular involvement in an outbreak of herpes gladiatorum.

M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, J. L. Goodman, 1992, American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma.

Hepatitis B infection in Minnesota: a case for universal immunization.

M. Osterholm, 1998, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

Tuberculosis in the Healthcare Setting in the 1990s: From Bird Island to the Bronx

M. Osterholm, D. Henderson, Susan E. Beekman, 1993, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

Tuberculosis in the healthcare setting in the 1990s: from Bird Island to the Bronx.

M. Osterholm, D. Henderson, S. Beekmann, 1993, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

Viral hepatitis in hospital personnel in Minnesota. Report of a statewide survey.

M. Osterholm, J. Andrews, 1979, Minnesota medicine.

Pandemic Influenza Vaccine: The US Government Is Not Doing Enough

M. Osterholm, 2007, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

Epidemiology of the hemolytic uremic syndrome.

G. Remuzzi, M. Osterholm, P. Ruggenenti, 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

A research and development (R&D) roadmap for broadly protective coronavirus vaccines: Setting a path to address coronavirus threats

M. Osterholm, G. Poland, K. Moore, 2022, Vaccine.

A Population‐Based Study of Sexually Transmitted Disease Incidence and Risk Factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected People

R. Danila, M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, 1997, Sexually transmitted diseases.

HISTORY OF CURRENT THREAT EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTHRAX MICROBIOLOGY PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DIAGNOSIS VACCINATION THERAPY INFECTION CONTROL DECONTAMINATION AUTHOR/ARTICLE INFORMATION REFERENCES INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002 Updated Recommendations for M

J. Gerberding, J. Hughes, M. Ascher, 2002 .

Emerging infections--another warning.

M. Osterholm, 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

Toxic shock syndrome: clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings in nine fatal cases.

D. N. Williams, M. Osterholm, Z. Pósalaky, 1982, Annals of internal medicine.

Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management.

Philip K. Russell, J. Hughes, M. Ascher, 2002, JAMA.

Evaluation of clinical and laboratory aspects of antibody tests for detection of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors and recipients from a low‐risk population

A. Williams, M. Osterholm, H. Polesky, 1994, Transfusion.

Social, cultural and economic aspects of antimicrobial resistance

A. Kesselheim, L. Price, M. Osterholm, 2020, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

An investigation of the cause of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use.

M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, A. N. Mayeno, 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

The risk of subsequent transmission of Hemophilus influenzae type B disease among children in day care. Results of a two-year statewide prospective surveillance and contact survey.

M. Osterholm, K. White, J. Kuritsky, 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum--Minnesota, 1995.

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, C. Sterling, 1996, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

An outbreak of psittacosis in Minnesota turkey industry workers: implications for modes of transmission and control.

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, K. White, 1989, American journal of epidemiology.

A multistate outbreak of Salmonella javiana and Salmonella oranienburg infections due to consumption of contaminated cheese.

M. Osterholm, D. N. Cameron, C. Hedberg, 1992, JAMA.

Does rifampin prophylaxis prevent disease caused by Hemophilus influenzae type b?

M. Osterholm, T. Murphy, 1984, JAMA.

Role of egg consumption in sporadic Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium infections in Minnesota.

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, K. White, 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management.

Philip K. Russell, D A Henderson, S R Lillibridge, 2001, JAMA.

An international foodborne outbreak of shigellosis associated with a commercial airline.

R. H. Carlson, W. Levine, M. Osterholm, 1992, JAMA.

An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection at a fast-food restaurant: implications for foodhandler-associated transmission.

M. Osterholm, J. A. Johnson, C. Hedberg, 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked tomatoes: implications for public health

A. Schuchat, J. Besser, M. Osterholm, 1999, Epidemiology and Infection.

A case-control study to assess possible triggers and cofactors in chronic fatigue syndrome.

James M Barker, M. Osterholm, D. Persing, 1996, The American journal of medicine.

Tri-state toxic-shock syndrome study. II. Clinical and laboratory findings.

C. Helms, M. Osterholm, J. Vergeront, 1982, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Tri-State Toxic-Shock Syndrome Study. I. Epidemiologic Findings

J. P. Davis, C. Helms, J. Mandel, 1982 .

Toxic shock syndrome: A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenzalike illness

M. Osterholm, P. Schlievert, C. Hedberg, 1987 .

An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in central Minnesota.

M. Osterholm, M. Hatch, J. Kuritsky, 1983, American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma.

Epidemiology and clonality of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Minnesota, 1996-1998.

Amy V. Groom, R. Danila, J. Besser, 2001, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

An outbreak of foodborne giardiasis.

M. Osterholm, A. Dean, J. Forfang, 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

Preparing for the next pandemic.

M. Osterholm, Michael T Osterholm, 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

Tularemia as a biological weapon

Jerome Hauer, Tara O'Toole, Scott R. Lillibridge, 2001 .

SARS-CoV-2 Dose, Infection, and Disease Outcomes for COVID-19 - A Review.

M. Osterholm, A. Rasmussen, K. Moore, 2021, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Protecting Olympic Participants from Covid-19 - The Urgent Need for a Risk-Management Approach.

M. Osterholm, L. Brosseau, Annie Sparrow, 2021, The New England journal of medicine.

Performance characteristics of serologic tests for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody among Minnesota blood donors. Public health and clinical implications.

H. Balfour, M. Osterholm, H. Polesky, 1989, Annals of internal medicine.

Facing the complex issues of pediatric AIDS: a public health perspective.

M. Osterholm, K. L. MacDonald, 1987, JAMA.

Critical Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccination of Refugees, Immigrants, and Migrants

M. Osterholm, W. Stauffer, Christine M. Thomas, 2021, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

Infectious Disease Threats: A Rebound To Resilience.

P. Daszak, M. Osterholm, G. Keusch, 2021, Health affairs.

Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during air travel

M. Osterholm, J. Mcfarland, Cynthia Hickman, 1993, The Lancet.

Development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for those most vulnerable

R. Baric, G. Neumann, Y. Kawaoka, 2021, Science Translational Medicine.

The role of irradiation in food safety.

M. Osterholm, A. Norgan, 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies.

Nicholas S. Kelley, M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, 2016, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

Concurrent outbreaks of Shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections associated with parsley: implications for surveillance and control of foodborne illness.

Eric D Mintz, J. Wells, J. Besser, 2003, Journal of food protection.

Correction for Osterholm et al., Transmission of Ebola Viruses: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Lisa M. Brosseau, Michael T. Osterholm, Kristine A. Moore, 2015, mBio.

Rare Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Potentially Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination Does Not Outweigh the Benefit of COVID-19 Vaccines.

M. Osterholm, M. Sundaram, Angela K. Ulrich, 2022, JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery.

A Research and Development (R&D) roadmap for influenza vaccines: Looking toward the future.

Diane J Post, G. Kang, B. Cowling, 2021, Vaccine.

An outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli O39:NM, an agent not fitting into the existing scheme for classifying diarrheogenic E. coli.

J. Besser, M. Osterholm, T. Barrett, 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

The epidemiology and clinical aspects of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in Minnesota.

M. Osterholm, K. White, K. L. MacDonald, 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

The Ebola Vaccine Team B: a model for promoting the rapid development of medical countermeasures for emerging infectious disease threats

J. Farrar, M. Osterholm, Jeremy Farrar, 2015, The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

Hemophilus influenzae type B disease in children vaccinated with type B polysaccharide vaccine.

M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, M. Nahm, 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

Epidemiologic Principles

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, 2014, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases.

Infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: considerations for transmission in the child day care setting.

R. Danila, M. Osterholm, K. L. MacDonald, 1986, Reviews of infectious diseases.

Screening donated blood and plasma for HTLV-III antibody. Facing more than one crisis?

M. Osterholm, H. Polesky, M. Chopek, 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 colitis associated with consumption of precooked meat patties.

M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, M. Lobato, 1991, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Induction of immunologic memory in infants primed with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines.

R. Belshe, M. Osterholm, A. Lucas, 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

February News and Events

M. Osterholm, 2000 .

Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species

Michael T. Osterholm, Kristine A. Moore, M. Osterholm, 2019, mBio.

A research and development (R&D) roadmap for broadly protective coronavirus vaccines: A pandemic preparedness strategy

R. Baric, S. Perlman, R. Danila, 2023, Vaccine.

Emerging infectious diseases: controversies, causes, and control.

M. Osterholm, K. L. MacDonald, 1995, Minnesota medicine.

COVID-19 and flu, a perfect storm

M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, 2020, Science.

Lack of efficacy of Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine in Minnesota.

J. Neaton, M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, 1988, JAMA.

Toxin and enzyme characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with and without toxic shock syndrome.

M. Osterholm, P. Schlievert, J. A. Kelly, 1982, Annals of internal medicine.

Incidence of foodborne illnesses--FoodNet, 1997.

J. Hadler, M. Osterholm, P. Cieslak, 1998, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

What's Next for the US Health Care System After COVID-19?

M. Osterholm, L. Blewett, 2020, American journal of public health.

Effi cacy and eff ectiveness of infl uenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicholas S. Kelley, A. Sommer, M. Osterholm, 2012 .

Evaluation of a sick child day care program: lack of detected increased risk of subsequent infections

M. Osterholm, K. White, L. Gabriel, 1990, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal.

Outbreak of erythromycin‐resistant staphyloccal conjuctivitis in a new born nursery

M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, K. White, 1990, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

Potential risk of salivary-mediated viral hepatitis type B transmission from oral exposure to fomites

M. Osterholm, H. Polesky, M. Hanson, 1979, Journal of Hygiene.

Nondonor HIV antibody testing in Minnesota.

M. Osterholm, H. Polesky, K. Henry, 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

Global Health Security—An Unfinished Journey

M. Osterholm, 2017, Emerging Infectious Diseases.

The relationship of large city out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and the prevalence of COVID-19

Lauren M. Maloney, T. Aufderheide, P. Pepe, 2021, EClinicalMedicine.

Pandemic diseases preparedness and response in the age of COVID‐19—a symposium report

N. Lurie, M. Osterholm, D. Heymann, 2020, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon

Jerome Hauer, Tara O'Toole, Robert Schechter, 2001 .

RISK OF SECONDARY HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (Hib) DISEASE IN DAY CARE

M. Osterholm, R. Kaslow, D. Granoff, 1984, Pediatric Research.

Tampons and Toxic Shock Syndrome.

J. Mandel, M. Osterholm, R. Gibson, 1983, JAMA.

HIV-1 counseling and testing sites, Minnesota: analysis of trends in client characteristics.

R. Danila, M. Osterholm, J. Shultz, 1990, American journal of public health.

Adaptations of Avian Flu Virus Are a Cause for Concern

A. Casadevall, J. Fitch, L. Enquist, 2012, Science.

Energy and the Public's Health: Making the Connection

Nicholas S. Kelley, M. Osterholm, 2009, Public health reports (1974).

Confronting 21st-century monkeypox

M. Osterholm, B. Gellin, 2022, Science.

Facial Masking for Covid-19.

M. Osterholm, Chad J Roy, L. Brosseau, 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

Redaction of Sensitive Data in the Publication of Dual Use Research of Concern

Arturo Casadevall, Paul Keim, David A. Relman, 2013, mBio.

Irradiation of food [5] (multiple letters)

M. Osterholm, M. Mccally, M. Donohoe, 2004 .

Implementation and Evolution of Mitigation Measures, Testing, and Contact Tracing in the National Football League, August 9–November 21, 2020

D. Anderson, A. MacNeil, M. Osterholm, 2021, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Creating a mammalian-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus: social contracts, prudence, and alternative perspectives.

D. Relman, M. Osterholm, 2012, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Quantifying the efficacy of influenza vaccines: Authors' reply

Nicholas S. Kelley, A. Sommer, M. Osterholm, 2012 .

Haemophilus influenzae type b in day care centers.

M. Osterholm, T. Murphy, J. Kuritsky, 1985, JAMA.

The changing epidemiology of food-borne disease.

M. Osterholm, 2000, International journal of clinical practice. Supplement.

Herpes gladiatorum at a high school wrestling camp--Minnesota.

M. Osterholm, J. L. Goodman, E. Holland, 1990, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Life Sciences at a Crossroads: Respiratory Transmissible H5N1

M. Osterholm, D. Henderson, 2012, Science.

Foodborne disease in 2011--the rest of the story.

M. Osterholm, Michael T Osterholm, 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

Foodborne disease: the more things change, the more they stay the same.

M. Osterholm, 2004, Clinical Infectious Diseases.

Mammalian-Transmissible H5N1 Influenza: Facts and Perspective

Michael T. Osterholm, Nicholas S. Kelley, M. Osterholm, 2012, mBio.

Influenza vaccination of health care workers

Nicholas S. Kelley, M. Osterholm, J. Lexchin, 2013, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

Twitter to engage, educate, and advocate for global antibiotic stewardship and antimicrobial resistance.

R. Kullar, D. Nathwani, M. Mendelson, 2019, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

Look-back investigation follow-up.

R. Danila, M. Osterholm, K. L. MacDonald, 1994, The Journal of infectious diseases.

Observed Versus Expected COVID-19 Infections Among National Football League Players During the 2020 Season

Allen K. Sills, Michael J. Lopez, M. Osterholm, 2021, Epidemiology.

Chronic idiopathic diarrhea.

M. Osterholm, E. Mintz, J. Parsonnet, 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

Surveillance of Lyme disease in the United States, 1982.

A. Steere, G. Schmid, M. Osterholm, 1985, Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Toxic shock syndrome. A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenzalike illness.

M. Osterholm, P. Schlievert, C. Hedberg, 1988, JAMA.

[Preparing for the next pandemic].

M. Osterholm, 2006, Salud publica de Mexico.

Guidelines for dealing with the guidelines: rifampin prophylaxis for day care contacts of patients with serious Haemophilus influenzae type b infections.

J. Gilsdorf, M. Osterholm, D. Granoff, 1984, The Journal of pediatrics.

An outbreak of thyrotoxicosis caused by the consumption of bovine thyroid gland in ground beef.

R. Janssen, M. Osterholm, B. Meyers, 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

Policy: Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern

Kenneth I. Berns, Arturo Casadevall, Lynn W. Enquist, 2012, Nature.

Infectious Diseases in Child Day Care: Management and Prevention. Introduction

J. Klein, M. Osterholm, L. Pickering, 1986 .

Unexplained deaths due to possibly infectious causes in the United States: defining the problem and designing surveillance and laboratory approaches. The Unexplained Deaths Working Group.

R. Holman, D. Fleming, J. Hadler, 1996, Emerging infectious diseases.

Factors associated with antibody titer levels among an occupational cohort of fully vaccinated individuals and subsequent risk of COVID‐19 infection: A cohort study

Allen K. Sills, D. Anderson, M. Osterholm, 2023, Journal of medical virology.

The emergence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in the United States. The changing epidemiology of foodborne disease.

M. Osterholm, K. L. MacDonald, 1993, JAMA.

Lyme disease in Minnesota: epidemiologic and serologic findings.

M. Osterholm, K. White, J. Kuritsky, 1984, The Yale journal of biology and medicine.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA. AUTHORS' REPLY

H. Dupont, M. Osterholm, C. Hedberg, 1993 .

Centers for Disease Control says arenavirus spread unlikely.

M. Osterholm, 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Lack of transmission of viral hepatitis type B after oral exposure to HBsAg-positive saliva.

M. Osterholm, J. Crosson, M. Hanson, 1979, British medical journal.

Bioterrorism: a Real Modern Threat

Michael T. Osterholm, M. Osterholm, 2001 .

Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Minnesota child day-care facilities.

M. Osterholm, E. Belongia, K. L. MacDonald, 1993, JAMA.