N. Howell

发表

The pedigree rate of sequence divergence in the human mitochondrial genome: there is a difference between phylogenetic and pedigree rates.

D. Turnbull, D. Mackey, P. Chinnery, 2003, American journal of human genetics.

Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1999, Nature Genetics.

How rapidly does the human mitochondrial genome evolve?

D. Mackey, N. Howell, I. Kubacka, 1996, American journal of human genetics.

Errors, phantoms and otherwise, in human mtDNA sequences.

N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, G. Preston, 2003, American journal of human genetics.

Reduced-median-network analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding-region sequences for the major African, Asian, and European haplogroups.

D. Turnbull, M. Beal, E. Fahy, 2002, American journal of human genetics.

Analysis of European mtDNAs for recombination.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2001, American journal of human genetics.

Abnormal RNA processing associated with a novel tRNA mutation in mitochondrial DNA. A potential disease mechanism.

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, R. Lightowlers, 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

Assigning pathogenicity to mitochondrial tRNA mutations: when "definitely maybe" is not good enough.

Robert W. Taylor, D. Turnbull, N. Howell, 2004, Trends in genetics : TIG.

Amplification of specific DNA sequences correlates with multi-drug resistance in Chinese hamster cells

D. Housman, A. Varshavsky, I. Roninson, 1984, Nature.

Estrogens and Neuroprotection: desperate housewives, lost, and survivor

N. Howell, J. Dykens, W. Moos, 2005 .

Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: prevalence in a hospital diabetic population

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, K. Alberti, 1997, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

High-level, unstable adriamycin resistance in a Chinese hamster mutant cell line with double minute chromosomes.

J. Belli, N. Howell, T. Belli, 1984, Cancer research.

Mitochondrial gene mutations and human diseases: a prolegomenon.

N. Howell, 1994, American journal of human genetics.

Characterization of mouse nuclear and mitochondrial mutants with increased resistance to cytochromeb inhibitors

N. Howell, M. S. Nalty, 1987, Somatic cell and molecular genetics.

The molecular basis of inhibitor resistance in a mammalian mitochondrial cytochrome b mutant.

W. Hauswirth, N. Howell, J. Cook, 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

Nonrandom tissue distribution of mutant mtDNA.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1999, American journal of medical genetics.

MELAS and MERRF. The relationship between maternal mutation load and the frequency of clinically affected offspring.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1998, Brain : a journal of neurology.

Association of the mitochondrial 8344 MERRF mutation with maternally inherited spinocerebellar degeneration and Leigh disease

N. Howell, I. Kubacka, J. Parks, 1996, Neurology.

Genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for mtDNA disease.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1998, American journal of human genetics.

Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis. VIII. Suppression of SV40 transformation in cell hybrids and cytoplasmic transferants.

N. Howell, R. Sager, 1981, Cytogenetics and cell genetics.

Genomic rearrangements in a mouse cell line containing integrated SV40 DNA

N. Howell, A. Anisowicz, R. Sager, 1981, Cell.

Review of the effects of 17α‐estradiol in humans: a less feminizing estrogen with neuroprotective potential

N. Howell, J. Dykens, W. Moos, 2009 .

Neonatal Fanconi syndrome due to deficiency of complex III of the respiratory chain

Robert W. Taylor, D. Turnbull, M. Coulthard, 1995, Pediatric Nephrology.

Development of 17α‐Estradiol as a Neuroprotective Therapeutic Agent: Rationale and Results from a Phase I Clinical Study

N. Howell, J. Dykens, W. Moos, 2005, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: Does heteroplasmy influence the inheritance and expression of the G11778A mitochondrial DNA mutation?

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2001, American journal of medical genetics.

The mitochondrial ND6 gene is a hot spot for mutations that cause Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2001, Brain : a journal of neurology.

When does bilateral optic atrophy become Leber hereditary optic neuropathy?

N. Howell, D. McCullough, S. Halvorson, 1993, American journal of human genetics.

Mutational analysis of the human mitochondrial genome branches into the realm of bacterial genetics.

N. Howell, 1996, American journal of human genetics.

MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA : I. An Ultrastructural and Biochemical Investigation of the Effects of Anaerobiosis and Chloramphenicol Inhibition

N. Howell, K. D. Munkres, C. A. Zuiches, 1971 .

MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

N. Howell, K. D. Munkres, C. A. Zuiches, 1971, The Journal of cell biology.

LHON and other optic nerve atrophies: the mitochondrial connection.

N. Howell, 2003, Developments in ophthalmology.

Multiple defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in a mitochondrial encephalopathy (MERRF): A clinical, biochemical and molecular study

G. Serratrice, D. Turnbull, N. Howell, 1991, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

Origin, transmission, and segregation of mitochondrial DNA dimers in mouse hybrid and cybrid cell lines

R. Kolodner, N. Howell, P. Huang, 1984, Somatic cell and molecular genetics.

An evolutionary perspective on pathogenic mtDNA mutations: haplogroup associations of clinical disorders.

N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2004, Mitochondrion.

The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy: random drift, selection or both?

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2000, Trends in genetics : TIG.

Sequence variation in mitochondrial complex I genes: mutation or polymorphism?

D. Turnbull, A. Mitchell, N. Howell, 2005, Journal of Medical Genetics.

Molecular pathology of MELAS and MERRF. The relationship between mutation load and clinical phenotypes.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1997, Brain : a journal of neurology.

Origin, cellular expression, and cybrid transmission of mitochondrial CAP-R, PYR-IND, and OLI-R mutant phenotypes

N. Howell, 1983, Somatic cell genetics.

A high frequency of mtDNA polymorphisms in HeLa cell sublines.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2002, Mutation research.

Mitochondrial DNA mutations and pathogenicity.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1998, Journal of medical genetics.

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: How Do Mitochondrial DNA Mutations Cause Degeneration of the Optic Nerve?

N. Howell, 1997, Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes.

Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from Leber hereditary optic neuropathy pedigrees.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, I. Kubacka, 1995, Genetics.

Electrochemical and spectral analysis of the long-range interactions between the Qo and Qi sites and the heme prosthetic groups in ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase.

N. Howell, D. Robertson, 1993, Biochemistry.

Noncoordinate expression of SV40-induced transformation and tumorigenicity in mouse cell hybrids

N. Howell, R. Sager, 1979, Somatic cell genetics.

Cytoplasmic genetics of mammalian cells: Conditional sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibitors and isolation of new mutant phenotypes

N. Howell, R. Sager, 1979, Somatic cell genetics.

Electronic-database Information

N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, G. Preston, 2003 .

A digitonin-based procedure for the isolation of mitochondrial DNA from mammalian cells.

N. Howell, M. S. Nalty, J. Appel, 1986, Plasmid.

analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from Dutch pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

D. Mackey, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2017 .

Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from Dutch pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2003, American journal of human genetics.

analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from Dutch pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

D. Mackey, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2003 .

Human mitochondrial diseases: answering questions and questioning answers.

N. Howell, 1999, International review of cytology.

Evolutionary conservation of protein regions in the protonmotive cytochromeb and their possible roles in redox catalysis

N. Howell, Neil Howell, 1989, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

Comparative genomics and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: assessing the effects of selection.

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, J. Elson, 2004, American journal of human genetics.

African Haplogroup L mtDNA sequences show violations of clock-like evolution.

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2004, Molecular biology and evolution.

Identification of Native American Founder mtDNAs Through the Analysis of Complete mtDNA Sequences: Some Caveats

R. Villems, T. Kivisild, Q. Kong, 2003, Annals of human genetics.

Origin and diffusion of mtDNA haplogroup X.

P. Rudan, R. Villems, T. Kivisild, 2003, American journal of human genetics.

The role of the Met98Lys optineurin variant in inherited optic nerve diseases

D. Mackey, A. Hewitt, N. Howell, 2006, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Electron microscopy and molecular genetic analysis of a case.

W. Green, N. Miller, N. Howell, 1995, Ophthalmology.

Mitochondrial DNA and survival after sepsis: a prospective study

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2005, The Lancet.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: Potential opportunities/potential pitfalls for drug therapy of optic nerve degenerative disorders

N. Howell, 1999 .

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: respiratory chain dysfunction and degeneration of the optic nerve

N. Howell, 1998, Vision Research.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease

L. Thal, Douglas Galasko, M. Beal, 1998 .

Mitochondrial DNA analysis: polymorphisms and pathogenicity

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1999, Journal of medical genetics.

Clinical mitochondrial genetics

N Howell, D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, 1999, Journal of medical genetics.

mtDNA analysis of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy associated with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia.

N. Howell, I. Kubacka, B. McDonough, 2001, American journal of medical genetics.

Sequence analysis of mouse mitochondrial chloramphenicol-resistant mutants

N. Howell, Alice Lee, 1989, Somatic cell and molecular genetics.

Sequence Analysis of Mammalian Cytochrome b Mutants

N. Howell, K. Gilbert, 1987 .

Mammalian mitochondrial mutants selected for resistance to the cytochromeb inhibitors HQNO or myxothiazol

N. Howell, P. Huang, A. Bantel, 1983, Somatic cell genetics.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: involvement of the mitochondrial ND1 gene and evidence for an intragenic suppressor mutation.

N. Howell, I. Kubacka, D. McCullough, 1991, American journal of human genetics.

Mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes segregate with late-onset Alzheimer disease.

N Howell, R. Davis, L. Thal, 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Genomic rearrangements and tumor-forming potential in an SV40-transformed mouse cell line and its hybrid and cybrid progeny.

N. Howell, A. Anisowicz, R. Sager, 1981, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

Mitochondrial chloramphenicol-resistant mutants can have deficiencies in energy metabolism

N. Howell, M. S. Nalty, 1988, Somatic cell and molecular genetics.

The matrilineal ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: portrait of a recent founder event.

D. Gurwitz, R. Villems, T. Kivisild, 2006, American journal of human genetics.

Does the mitochondrial genome play a role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease?

Douglass M. Turnbull, L. Thal, D. Turnbull, 2006, Human Genetics.

Reply to Macauley et al

D. Mackey, N. Howell, 1997 .

The mitochondrial ND 6 gene is a hot spot for mutations that cause Leber ’ s hereditary optic neuropathy

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2000 .

A novel mitochondrial DNA-like sequence in the human nuclear genome.

R. Davis, E. Fahy, C. Anderson, 1999, Genomics.

Biogenesis of mitochondria. 30

N. Howell, A. Linnane, H. Lukins, 1973, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

Genetic Analyses of the Polarity Alleles in Recombinants from Mitochondrial Genetic Crosses

N. Howell, R. Hall, A. Linnane, 1974, Journal of Bacteriology.

Mitochondrial mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing resistance in vitro to chloramphenicol inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis.

N. Howell, P. Molloy, A. Linnane, 1973, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC.

Polyethylene-glycol-mediated cybrid formation: High-efficiency techniques and cybrid formation without enucleation

N. Howell, R. Sager, R. Davidson, 1978, Somatic cell genetics.

Biogenesis of mitochondria 34

N. Howell, P. Molloy, A. Linnane, 2004, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

The Phenomenology of Cytoplasmic Genetics in Yeast: A Proposal for an Autonomy of Mitochondrial Membranes and the Determinism of Nucleo-cytoplasmic Genetic Interactions

N. Howell, P. Molloy, A. Linnane, 1973 .

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: identification of the same mitochondrial ND1 mutation in six pedigrees.

D. Turnbull, D. Mackey, N. Howell, 1991, American journal of human genetics.

Mutational analysis of the mouse mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

N. Howell, K. Gilbert, 1988, Journal of molecular biology.

Mitochondrial genetics of mammalian cells: A mouse antimycin-resistant mutant with a probable alteration of cytochromeb

N. Howell, K. Kelliher, P. Huang, 1983, Somatic cell genetics.

Differential effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on normal and tumorigenic mouse cells. Abstr.

N. Howell, R. Sager, 1977 .

The evolution of the cytochrome b protein: How many regions are conserved?

N. Howell, 1993, Molecular biology and evolution.

Point mutations of the mtDNA control region in normal and neurodegenerative human brains.

T. Parsons, D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, 2001, American journal of human genetics.

17α‐estradiol: a less‐feminizing estrogen

N. Howell, J. Dykens, W. Moos, 2008 .

Substitution in the 5 ′ UTR of the Wilson Disease Gene Is a Sequence Polymorphism in the Mediterranean Population

Marja, D. Mackey, T. Rosenberg, 1998 .

The epidemiology of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in the North East of England.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, P. Yu-Wai-Man, 2003, American journal of human genetics.

Alzheimer's disease, estrogens, and clinical trials: a case study in drug development for complex disorders

N. Howell, J. Dykens, W. Moos, 2005 .

Relative rates of evolution in the coding and control regions of African mtDNAs.

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, J. Elson, 2007, Molecular biology and evolution.

Genotypes from patients indicate no paternal mitochondrial DNA contribution

Robert W. Taylor, D. Turnbull, M. Zeviani, 2003, Annals of neurology.

Mammalian mitochondrial genetics: heredity, heteroplasmy and disease.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1997, Trends in genetics : TIG.

Molecular clock debate: Time dependency of molecular rate estimates for mtDNA: this is not the time for wishful thinking

N. Howell, J. Elson, C. Howell, 2008, Heredity.

Is the disease risk and penetrance in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy actually low?

D. Mackey, C. Fraser, D. Whiteman, 2022, American journal of human genetics.

Establishing risk of vision loss in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

D. Mackey, C. Fraser, A. Hewitt, 2021, American journal of human genetics.

Clinical expression of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is affected by the mitochondrial DNA-haplogroup background.

Patrick F Chinnery, Massimo Zeviani, Rubens Belfort, 2007, American journal of human genetics.

mtDNA mutations that cause optic neuropathy: how do we know?

D. Mackey, N. Howell, D. Marenda, 1998, American journal of human genetics.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: Mitochondrial mutations and degeneration of the optic nerve

N. Howell, 1997, Vision Research.

A variant of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy characterized by recovery of vision and by an unusual mitochondrial genetic etiology.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, 1992, American journal of human genetics.

Lightning Strikes Twice: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Families with Two Pathogenic mtDNA Mutations

D. Mackey, N. Miller, N. Howell, 2002, Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society.

TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA. AUTHORS' REPLY

D. Mackey, J. Rizzo, N. Howell, 1994 .

Changes in the human mitochondrial genome after treatment of malignant disease.

Robert W. Taylor, D. Turnbull, A. Craft, 2003, Mutation research.

A novel sporadic mutation in cytochrome c oxidase subunit II as a cause of rhabdomyolysis

Robert W. Taylor, D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, 2004, Neuromuscular Disorders.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy triggered by antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus

D. Mackey, N. Howell, P. McCluskey, 2003, Eye.

Thermostability of glycolytic enzymes from thermophilic clostridia.

R. Himes, N. Howell, J. Akagi, 1969, Canadian journal of microbiology.

Longitudinal study of a heteroplasmic 3460 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy family by multiplexed primer-extension analysis and nucleotide sequencing.

E. Fahy, N. Howell, I. Bodis-Wollner, 1996, American journal of human genetics.

Anomalous electrophoretic mobility of mouse mtDNA restriction fragments.

N. Howell, 1985, Plasmid.

Longitudinal analysis of the segregation of mtDNA mutations in heteroplasmic individuals

E. Fahy, Soumitra S Ghosh, N. Howell, 2000, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

Navigating between Scylla and Charybdis: Mitochondria are both precedented and novel targets for drug development

N. Howell, Neil Howell, 2002 .

A heteroplasmic LHON family: tissue distribution and transmission of the 11778 mutation.

N. Howell, I. Bodis-Wollner, J. Sherman, 1994, American journal of human genetics.

Low penetrance of the 14484 LHON mutation when it arises in a non‐haplogroup J mtDNA background

D. Mackey, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2003, American journal of medical genetics. Part A.

Low-penetrance branches in matrilineal pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, 1998, American journal of human genetics.

MutPred mutational load analysis shows mildly deleterious mitochondrial DNA variants are not more prevalent in Alzheimer's patients, but may be under-represented in healthy older individuals.

N. Howell, J. Elson, I. Pienaar, 2017, Mitochondrion.

Pienaar IS, Howell N, Elson JL. Mildly deleterious mitochondrial DNA variants are less frequent in healthy older individuals, but not more prevalent in Alzheimer’s patients. Mitochondrion 2017, 34, 141-146

N. Howell, J. Elson, I. Pienaar, 2017 .

Mildly deleterious mitochondrial DNA variants are less frequent in healthy older individuals, but not more prevalent in Alzheimer’s patients

N. Howell, J. Elson, I. Pienaar, 2017 .

X‐inactivation pattern in multiple tissues from two leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients

N. Howell, E. Pegoraro, A. Vettori, 2003, American journal of medical genetics. Part A.

MtDNA population variation in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome in two populations: a study of mildly deleterious variants

N. Howell, J. Elson, F. H. van der Westhuizen, 2019, Scientific Reports.

mtDNA mutations and common neurodegenerative disorders.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2005, Trends in genetics : TIG.

mtDNA recombination: what do in vitro data mean?

N. Howell, 1997, American journal of human genetics.

MTDNA MUTATION RATES : NO NEED TO PANIC. AUTHORS' REPLY

H. Bandelt, D. Mackey, P. Forster, 1997 .

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and susceptibility to AD and dementia with Lewy bodies

I. McKeith, C. Morris, P. Chinnery, 2000, Neurology.

Molecular genetic analysis of a sporadic case of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

N. Howell, I. Bodis-Wollner, D. McCullough, 1992, American journal of human genetics.

Transmission of the human mitochondrial genome.

D. Turnbull, E. Fahy, P. Chinnery, 2000, Human reproduction.

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup distribution within Leber hereditary optic neuropathy pedigrees

D. Turnbull, D. Mackey, T. Rosenberg, 2004, Journal of Medical Genetics.

Associating mitochondrial DNA variation with complex traits.

P. Chinnery, N. Howell, K. Majamaa, 2007, American journal of human genetics.

Mitochondrial gene segregation in mammals: is the bottleneck always narrow?

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, I. Kubacka, 1992, Human Genetics.

Suppression of transformation and tumorigenicity in interspecies hybrids of human SV40-transformed and mouse 3T3 cell lines.

N. Howell, 1982, Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics.

analysis of the mitochondrial genomes from Dutch pedigrees with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

D. Mackey, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2017 .

Persistent heteroplasmy of a mutation in the human mtDNA control region: hypermutation as an apparent consequence of simple-repeat expansion/contraction.

N. Howell, Christy Bogolin Smejkal, 2000, American journal of human genetics.

An example of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy not involving a mutation in the mitochondrial ND4 gene.

N. Howell, D. McCullough, 1990, American journal of human genetics.

Reply to Hofmann et al.

D. Mackey, T. Rosenberg, N. Howell, 1998, American journal of human genetics.

The sequence of human mtDNA: the question of errors versus polymorphisms.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, I. Kubacka, 1992, American journal of human genetics.

Cytoplasmic transfer of DNA containing simian virus 40 sequences into mouse 3T3 cells.

N. Howell, R. Sager, 1980, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Sequence analysis of mitochondrial chloramphenicol resistance mutations in Chinese hamster cells

N. Howell, I. Kubacka, 2004, Mammalian Genome.

A string-searching program for mutational analysis

N. Howell, B. Howell, 1988 .

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: the etiological role of a mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, I. Kubacka, 1993, Genetics.

Different patterns of expansion/contraction during the evolution of an mtDNA simple repeat.

D. Mackey, N. Howell, C. Herrnstadt, 2001, Molecular biology and evolution.

Co-segregation and heteroplasmy of two coding-region mtDNA mutations within a matrilineal pedigree

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2004, Human Genetics.

DNA amplification in multidrug, cross-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells: molecular characterization and cytogenetic localization of the amplified DNA

D. Housman, S. Sen, N. Howell, 1986, The Journal of cell biology.

Glycine-231 residue of the mouse mitochondrial protonmotive cytochrome b: mutation to aspartic acid deranges electron transport.

N. Howell, 1990, Biochemistry.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis: polymorphisms and pathogenicity

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 1999, Journal of medical genetics.

The epidemiology of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in the North East of England.

P. Chinnery, N. Howell, P. Griffiths, 2003, American journal of human genetics.

Analysis of European mtDNAs for recombination.

D. Turnbull, P. Chinnery, N. Howell, 2001, American journal of human genetics.

27 – Identification of Mitochondrial Dysfunction at Coupling Site II

D. Turnbull, N. Howell, M. Birch-Machin, 1993 .