C. Grimmond

发表

Ceilometer-Based Analysis of Shanghai’s Boundary Layer Height (under Rain- and Fog-Free Conditions)

Yuanyong Chang, C. S. B. Grimmond, Jianguo Tan, 2017 .

A New Model to Downscale Urban and Rural Surface and Air Temperatures Evaluated in Shanghai, China

Jianguo Tan, Jie Peng, C. Grimmond, 2018, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.

An urban canyon energy budget model and its application to urban storage heat flux modeling

C. S. B. Grimmond, A. Arnfield, C. Grimmond, 1998 .

Parameterization of Net All-Wave Radiation for Urban Areas

Timothy R. Oke, C. S. B. Grimmond, T. Oke, 2003 .

Comparison of Four Methods to Estimate Urban Heat Storage

Timothy R. Oke, James A. Voogt, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2006 .

Modelling of urban sensible heat flux at multiple spatial scales: A demonstration using airborne hyperspectral imagery of Shanghai and a temperature–emissivity separation approach

Martin J. Wooster, C. S. B. Grimmond, M. Wooster, 2008 .

Initial results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison

E. S. Krayenhoff, K. Oleson, S. Belcher, 2011 .

Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS): Longwave Radiation Parameterization and Seasonality-Related Developments

Fredrik Lindberg, Thomas Loridan, Duick T. Young, 2011 .

Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities

Ian B. Strachan, Maija Taka, Heikki Setälä, 2014 .

Key Conclusions of the First International Urban Land Surface Model Comparison Project

C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, M. Best, 2015 .

Urban Integrated Meteorological Observations: Practice and Experience in Shanghai, China

Limin Yang, Jianping Shi, Yuanyong Chang, 2015 .

Urban storage heat flux variability explored using satellite, meteorological and geodata

F. Lindberg, C. Grimmond, K. F. Olofson, 2020, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

A novel method to obtain three-dimensional urban surface temperature from ground-based thermography

Christopher J. Merchant, Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry, Tiangang Yin, 2018, Remote Sensing of Environment.

Climate and more sustainable cities: climate information for improved planning and management of cities (producers/capabilities perspective)

R. Betts, S. Hanna, G. Carmichael, 2010 .

The urban boundary-layer field campaign in marseille (ubl/clu-escompte): set-up and first results

J. Noilhan, E. Fréjafon, P. Durand, 2005 .

Evaluation of the Town Energy Balance (TEB) Scheme with Direct Measurements from Dry Districts in Two Cities

Timothy R. Oke, Valéry Masson, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2002 .

Modeling Surface Sensible Heat Flux Using Surface Radiative Temperatures in a Simple Urban Area

James A. Voogt, C. S. B. Grimmond, J. Voogt, 2000 .

Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface Form

Timothy R. Oke, C. S. B. Grimmond, T. Oke, 1999 .

Aerodynamic Roughness of Urban Areas Derived from Wind Observations

C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 1998, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

Derivation of an urban materials spectral library through emittance and reflectance spectroscopy

Martin J. Wooster, Simone Kotthaus, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2014 .

Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the suburbs of four North American cities

Timothy R. Oke, C. S. B. Grimmond, T. Oke, 1995 .

Turbulent Heat Fluxes in Urban Areas: Observations and a Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS)

T. Oke, C. Grimmond, 2002 .

Effects of variability of local winds on cross ventilation for a simplified building within a full-scale asymmetric array: overview of the Silsoe field campaign

C. Halios, C. Grimmond, Zhiwen Luo, 2018 .

Spatial variability of energy fluxes in suburban terrain

T. Oke, H. Schmid, C. Grimmond, 1991 .

The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes

P. Cox, O. Boucher, S. Sitch, 2011 .

Persistent cloud cover over mega-cities linked to surface heat release

Janet F. Barlow, Simone Kotthaus, Natalie E. Theeuwes, 2019, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science.

Changes to the Water Balance Over a Century of Urban Development in Two Neighborhoods: Vancouver, Canada

T. Oke, C. Grimmond, L. Järvi, 2018, Water Resources Research.

Assessing the impact of changes in surface cover, human behaviour and climate on energy partitioning across Greater London.

C. Grimmond, H. C. Ward, H. Ward, 2017 .

The Integrated WRF/Urban Modeling System: Development, Evaluation, and Applications to Urban Environmental Problems

Kevin W. Manning, Fei Chen, A. Wyszogrodzki, 2010 .

An Integrated Wind Risk Warning Model for Urban Rail Transport in Shanghai, China

Jianguo Tan, C. Grimmond, Bingxin Ma, 2020 .

The suburban energy balance: Methodological considerations and results for a mid-latitude west coast city under winter and spring conditions

C. Grimmond, 1992 .

An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities

K. Oleson, M. Vertenstein, G. Bonan, 2008 .

Field measurement of natural ventilation rate in an idealised full-scale building located in a staggered urban array: Comparison between tracer gas and pressure-based methods

C. Halios, C. Grimmond, Zhiwen Luo, 2018 .

Influence of ground surface characteristics on the mean radiant temperature in urban areas

F. Lindberg, C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2016, International Journal of Biometeorology.

Intraurban Differences of Surface Energy Fluxes in a Central European City

C. Grimmond, B. Offerle, K. Fortuniak, 2006 .

The Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS): Evaluation in Los Angeles and Vancouver

C. Grimmond, L. Järvi, A. Christen, 2011 .

Identification of Micro-scale Anthropogenic CO2, heat and moisture sources – Processing eddy covariance fluxes for a dense urban environment

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, C. Grimmond, 2012 .

Characterization of Energy Flux Partitioning in Urban Environments: Links with Surface Seasonal Properties

C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, T. Loridan, 2012 .

Modeling the Partitioning of Turbulent Fluxes at Urban Sites with Varying Vegetation Cover

C. Grimmond, M. Best, 2016 .

The Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory: an open meteorological test bed and challenges of the smart city

L. Chapman, C. Grimmond, D. Young, 2015 .

Temporal variations in heat fluxes over a central European city centre

C. S. B. Grimmond, K. Fortuniak, T. Oke, 2006 .

Urban Meteorological Networks: The urban climatologists

Lee Chapman, E. J. S. Ferranti, Catherine L. Muller, 2015 .

Assessing methods to extrapolate the vertical wind-speed profile from surface observations in a city centre during strong winds

Christoph W. Kent, C. Grimmond, J. Barlow, 2018 .

Turbulent Flow at 190 m Height Above London During 2006–2008: A Climatology and the Applicability of Similarity Theory

Janet F. Barlow, Eiko Nemitz, Stephen E. Belcher, 2010 .

Impacts of Urban Expansion on Relatively Smaller Surrounding Cities during Heat Waves

C. Grimmond, G. Ni, Bei Huang, 2019, Atmosphere.

Urban Surface Energy Balance Models: Model Characteristics and Methodology for a Comparison Study

T. Williamson, Maria Tombrou, Evyatar Erell, 2007 .

Modeling the Surface Energy Balance of the Core of an Old Mediterranean City: Marseille

Valéry Masson, C. S. B. Grimmond, Aude Lemonsu, 2004 .

Influence of neighbouring structures on building façade pressures: Comparison between full-scale, wind-tunnel, CFD and practitioner guidelines

C. J. Noakes, A. Robins, C. Grimmond, 2019, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics.

Evaluating single-sided natural ventilation models against full-scale idealised measurements: Impact of wind direction and turbulence

C. Halios, C. Grimmond, Zhiwen Luo, 2020, Building and Environment.

Evaluation of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) at a Dense Urban Site in Shanghai: Sensitivity to Anthropogenic Heat and Irrigation

Jianguo Tan, A. Gabey, C. Grimmond, 2018, Journal of Hydrometeorology.

Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS): Development and evaluation at two UK sites

Simone Kotthaus, Helen C. Ward, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2016 .

Summertime surface energy balance fluxes at two

J. Dou, C. Grimmond, Z. Cheng, 2019 .

Contribution of Land Use Changes to Near-Surface Air Temperatures during Recent Summer Extreme Heat Events in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, T. Loridan, 2010 .

Spatial Scale Effect of Surface Routing and Its Parameter Upscaling for Urban Flood Simulation Using a Grid‐Based Model

F. Tian, C. Grimmond, G. Ni, 2020, Water Resources Research.

Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: Observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England.

J. G. Evans, J. Morison, C. Grimmond, 2015, Environmental pollution.

The suburban energy balance in miami, florida

T. Oke, C. Grimmond, M. Roth, 2007 .

Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region

C. Grimmond, R. Fisher, D. Lowry, 2017, Scientific Reports.

METEOROLOGY, AIR QUALITY, AND HEALTH IN LONDON

A. M. Booth, Alan M. Jones, O. Coceal, 2015 .

Net carbon dioxide emissions from central London

C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, A. Bjorkegren, 2017 .

Spatial and temporal variability of urban fluxes of methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide above London, UK

E. Nemitz, C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2016 .

Venting of Heat and Carbon Dioxide from Urban Canyons at Night

T. Oke, J. Salmond, C. Grimmond, 2005 .

Urban water balance and hydrology models

C. Grimmond, L. Järvi, F. V. D. Bolt, 2014 .

The Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory—A high density, urban meteorological dataset, from 2012–2014

L. Chapman, C. Grimmond, D. Young, 2016, Scientific Data.

Urban warming and future air-conditioning use in an Asian megacity: importance of positive feedback

Y. Kikegawa, M. Hara, C. Grimmond, 2019, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science.

Physical fluxes in urban environment

C. Grimmond, D. Young, R. Vogt, 2014 .

Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor ( UMEP )

Christoph W. Kent, Jianguo Tan, A. Gabey, 2022 .

Spatial Modeling of Local‐Scale Biogenic and Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Helsinki

P. Kolari, J. McFadden, V. Heikinheimo, 2019, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

CO 2 emission estimation in the urban environment : Measurement of the CO 2 storage term

B. Malamud, C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2015 .

From Urban Meteorology, Climate and Environment Research to Urban Integrated Services

C. Grimmond, A. Baklanov, D. Terblanche, 2015 .

Measurements of traffic-dominated pollutant emissions in a Chinese megacity

M. Shaw, James D. Lee, Qiang Zhang, 2020, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

Asian megacity heat stress under future climate scenarios: impact of air-conditioning feedback

Y. Kikegawa, M. Hara, C. Grimmond, 2020, Environmental Research Communications.

Parametrizing Horizontally-Averaged Wind and Temperature Profiles in the Urban Roughness Sublayer

C. Grimmond, A. Christen, I. Harman, 2019, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

Eddy covariance measurements highlight sources of nitrogen oxide emissions missing from inventories for central London

James D. Lee, S. Beevers, E. Nemitz, 2022, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

Temperature trends at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii: A direct measurement of global warming?

D. Turcotte, B. Malamud, C. Grimmond, 2009 .

Model Urbanization Strategy: Summaries, Recommendations and Requirements

C. Grimmond, J. Ching, A. Martilli, 2009 .

Climate of cities

C. Grimmond, 2010, The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology.

Investigation of the impact of anthropogenic heat flux within an urban land surface model and PILPS-urban

C. Grimmond, M. Best, 2016, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

Impact of urban canopy models and external parameters on the modelled urban energy balance in a tropical city

Matthias Roth, Hendrik Wouters, Keith W. Oleson, 2017 .

How do green roofs mitigate urban thermal stress under heat waves?

Ting Sun, C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2016, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

Energy exchange in a dense urban environment – Part I: Temporal variability of long-term observations in central London

Simone Kotthaus, C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2014 .

Energy exchange in a dense urban environment – Part II: Impact of spatial heterogeneity of the surface

Simone Kotthaus, C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2014 .

A critical revision of the estimation of the latent heat flux from two‐wavelength scintillometry

C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, H. C. Ward, 2013 .

Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK

Helen C. Ward, C. S. B. Grimmond, Jonathan Evans, 2012 .

Scintillometer measurements above the urban area of London

J. Salmond, T. Foken, C. Grimmond, 2010 .

Monitoring the Sensible Heat Flux over Urban Areas using Large Aperture Scintillometry: Case Study of Marseille City During the Escompte Experiment

Jean-Pierre Lagouarde, Timothy R. Oke, Nathalie Long, 2006 .

Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor (UMEP): An integrated tool for city-based climate services

Dongwei Liu, Zhe Zhang, Bei Huang, 2018, Environ. Model. Softw..

Multi-scale sensible heat fluxes in the urban environment from large aperture scintillometry and eddy covariance

C. Grimmond, H. C. Ward, J. Evans, 2018 .

Multi-Scale Sensible Heat Fluxes in the Suburban Environment from Large-Aperture Scintillometry and Eddy Covariance

C. Grimmond, H. C. Ward, J. Evans, 2014, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

Warming effects on the urban hydrology in cold climate regions

M. Heimann, I. Strachan, J. McFadden, 2017, Scientific Reports.

Volume for pollution dispersion: London's atmospheric boundary layer during ClearfLo observed with two ground-based lidar types

C. Halios, C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2018, Atmospheric Environment.

Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere

C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2006 .

Radiation Fluxes in a Business District of Shanghai, China

Jianguo Tan, Xinrong Zhen, C. Grimmond, 2016 .

The International Urban Energy Balance Models Comparison Project: First Results from Phase 1

Maria Tombrou, Stephen E. Belcher, Fei Chen, 2010 .

From urban meteorology, climate and environment research to integrated city services

Alexander Baklanov, C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2017 .

Infrared and millimetre-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment – Part 2: Large-area sensible and latent heat fluxes

Helen C. Ward, C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, 2014 .

PARAMETERISATIONS OF CLEAR SKY DOWNWARD RADIATION IN AN URBAN AREA – Ł ÓD Ź CASE STUDY

C. Grimmond, B. Offerle, K. Fortuniak, 2010 .

CO2 emission estimation in the urban environment: Measurement of the CO2 storage term

B. D. Malamud, Simone Kotthaus, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2015 .

Divergence of turbulent fluxes in the surface layer: case of a coastal city

V. Masson, G. Pigeon, A. Lemonsu, 2007 .

Daytime CO2 urban surface fluxes from airborne measurements, eddy-covariance observations and emissions inventory in Greater London.

E. O'connor, C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2015, Environmental pollution.

SURF: Understanding and Predicting Urban Convection and Haze

Juanzhen Sun, A. Ding, Fei Chen, 2018, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

Investigating the Surface Energy Balance in Urban Areas – Recent Advances and Future Needs

V. Masson, K. Ridder, C. Grimmond, 2002 .

Wind fields and turbulence statistics in an urban street canyon

Ingegärd Eliasson, Sven Lindqvist, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2004 .

Analysis of the Seasonal Cycle Within the First International Urban Land-Surface Model Comparison

C. S. B. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, M. Best, 2012, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

Controls of carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes above central London

E. Nemitz, C. Grimmond, C. Susan, 2010 .

Attribution and mitigation of heat wave-induced urban heat storage change

Zhiqiu Gao, C. Grimmond, Dan Li, 2017 .

Five years of carbon dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area

C. Grimmond, C. Grimmond, A. Christen, 2011 .

Seasonal surface urban energy balance and wintertime stability simulated using three land‐surface models in the high‐latitude city Helsinki

Keith W. Oleson, Valéry Masson, Matthias Demuzere, 2016 .

High Resolution Simulation of the Variability of Surface Energy Balance Fluxes Across Central London with Urban Zones for Energy Partitioning

O. Jorba, F. Lindberg, C. Grimmond, 2013, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

Longwave incoming radiation in the Tropics: results from field work in three African cities

B. Holmer, C. Grimmond, I. Eliasson, 2006 .

Atmospheric boundary‐layer characteristics from ceilometer measurements. Part 2: Application to London's urban boundary layer

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2018, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.

Atmospheric boundary‐layer characteristics from ceilometer measurements. Part 1: A new method to track mixed layer height and classify clouds

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2018, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.

Recommendations for processing atmospheric attenuated backscatter profiles from Vaisala CL31 ceilometers

Martial Haeffelin, Simone Kotthaus, Andrew Gabey, 2016 .

Daytime CO 2 urban surface fluxes from airborne measurements , eddy-covariance observations and 1 emissions inventory in Greater London 2

E. O'connor, C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2014 .

How is urbanization altering local and regional climate

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, H. C. Ward, 2015 .

Infrared and millimetre-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment - Part 1: Structure parameters

J. Bradford, Helen C. Ward, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2015 .

Meteorological forcing data for urban outdoor thermal comfort models from a coupled convective boundary layer and surface energy balance scheme

Fredrik Lindberg, Shiho Onomura, Sofia Thorsson, 2015 .

Importance of initial state and atmospheric conditions for urban land surface models’ performance

C. Grimmond, M. Best, C. Grimmond, 2014 .

Urban energy budget models

G. Pigeon, F. Lindberg, C. Grimmond, 2014 .

Evaluation of the Urban Tile in MOSES using Surface Energy Balance Observations

C. S. B. Grimmond, M. Villani, C. Grimmond, 2006 .

Modelling the partitioning of turbulent fluxes at urban sites with varying vegetation

C. Grimmond, 2018 .

Spatial and temporal patterns of surface–atmosphere energy exchange in a dense urban environment using scintillometry

Simone Kotthaus, Ben Crawford, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2017 .

INCORPORATING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF ADVECTED MOISTURE IN THE CANYON AIR TEMPERATURE (CAT) MODEL

E. Erell, C. Grimmond, B. Offerle, 2009 .

Evapotranspiration in Urban Water Balance Models : A Methodological Framework

C. S. B. Grimmond, E. Bui, D. Simon, 2005 .

Variability of sensible heat fluxes in a suburban area of Oklahoma City

C. Grimmond, B. Offerle, B. Crawford, 2004 .

Urban-scale environmental prediction systems

C. Sue Grimmond, G. Carmicheal, H. Lean, 2015 .

Sensitivity of Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) to downscaling of reanalysis forcing data

Timothy R. Oke, Olle Räty, Andreas Christen, 2017 .

A Low-Cost Wireless Temperature Sensor: Evaluation for Use in Environmental Monitoring Applications

Lee Chapman, Catherine L. Muller, Duick T. Young, 2014 .

First Results from the International Urban Energy Balance Model Comparison: Model Complexity

Jong‐Jin Baik, G. Steeneveld, C. Grimmond, 2009 .

Surface heating in relation to air temperature, wind and turbulence in an urban street canyon

Ingegärd Eliasson, C. S. B. Grimmond, B. Holmer, 2007 .

Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: methodological challenges and results from Chicago.

D. Nowak, C. Grimmond, C. Souch, 2002, Environmental pollution.

Corrigendum to "Controls of carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes above central London" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1913–1928, 2011

E. Nemitz, C. Grimmond, J. Barlow, 2011 .

Meteorology, air quality, and health in London: the ClearfLo project

A. M. Booth, Alan M. Jones, O. Coceal, 2015 .

Towards a standardised metadata protocol for urban meteorological networks

Catherine L. Muller, Lee Chapman, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2013 .

METEOROLOGY, AIR QUALITY, AND HEALTH IN LONDON

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, F. Lopez‐Hilfiker, 2015 .

METEOROLOGY, AIR QUALITY, AND HEALTH IN LONDON

O. Coceal, C. Grimmond, S. Bohnenstengel, 2015 .

Atmospheric boundary‐layer characteristics from ceilometer measurements. Part 2: Application to London's urban boundary layer

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, 2018, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.

Derivation of an urban materials spectral library through emittance and reflectance spectroscopy

M. Wooster, C. Grimmond, Thomas E. L. Smith, 2014 .

Climate and more sustainable cities: climate information for improved planning and management of cities (producers/capabilities perspective)

R. Betts, S. Hanna, G. Carmichael, 2010 .

Urban Multi-scale Environmental Predictor (UMEP): An integrated tool for city-based climate services

Christoph W. Kent, Jianguo Tan, A. Gabey, 2018, Environ. Model. Softw..

Eddy Covariance Measurements Highlight Sources of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Missing from Inventories for Central London

James D. Lee, S. Beevers, E. Nemitz, 2022, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Surface Energy Fluxes of a Rice–Wheat Rotation in Eastern China

C. Y. Gao, Zhiqiu Gao, Yubin Li, 2021, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology.

Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK

C. Grimmond, H. C. Ward, Jonathan G. Evans, 2012 .

Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme sites ( SUEWS ) : Development and evaluation at twoUK

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, H. C. Ward, 2016 .

Meteorological and air quality models for urban areas

Maria Athanassiadou, Alexander Baklanov, C. S. B. Grimmond, 2009 .

Cross-validation of inferred daytime airborne CO 2 urban-regional scale surface fluxes with eddy-covariance observations and emissions inventories in Greater London

C. Grimmond, S. Kotthaus, A. Font, 2013 .

Wind observations above an urban river using a new lidar technique, scintillometry and anemometry.

C. Grimmond, M. Gouvea, S. Kotthaus, 2013, The Science of the total environment.

Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region

C. Grimmond, R. Fisher, D. Lowry, 2017, Scientific Reports.