W. Cowden

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Roles of tumour necrosis factor in the illness and pathology of malaria.

I. Clark, G. Chaudhri, W. Cowden, 1989, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Possible roles of tumor necrosis factor in the pathology of malaria.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 1987, The American journal of pathology.

Antibody-mediated enhancement of hormone activity.

R. Aston, W. Cowden, G. Ada, 1989, Molecular immunology.

Airways Hyperresponsiveness Interference Attenuates IL-13-Induced Inhibition of Arginase I Activity by RNA

P. Thompson, P. Foster, D. Tremethick, 2006 .

Inhibition of Arginase I Activity by RNA Interference Attenuates IL-13-Induced Airways Hyperresponsiveness1

P. Thompson, P. Foster, D. Tremethick, 2006, The Journal of Immunology.

Possible role of nitric oxide in malarial immunosuppression

K. Rockett, I. Clark, W. Cowden, 1994, Parasite immunology.

IFN-gamma is critical to the control of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis and regulates both in the periphery and in the target tissue: a possible role for nitric oxide.

W. Cowden, I. Ramshaw, D. Willenborg, 1999, Journal of immunology.

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in murine cerebral malaria

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1988, Parasitology.

Free radical‐induced pathology

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1985, Medicinal research reviews.

Antioxidants can prevent cerebral malaria in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1989, British journal of experimental pathology.

Phagocyte-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Do Not Influence the Progression of Murine Blood-Stage Malaria Infections

M. Dinauer, J. D. de Haan, W. Cowden, 2005, Infection and Immunity.

Why is the pathology of falciparum worse than that of vivax malaria?

I. Clark, W. Cowden, 1999, Parasitology today.

Lipids fromPlasmodium vinckei-infected erythrocytes and their susceptibility to oxidative damage

R. Stocker, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 2006, Lipids.

Increased lymphotoxin in human malarial serum, and the ability of this cytokine to increase plasma interleukin-6 and cause hypoglycaemia in mice: implications for malarial pathology.

B. Aggarwal, A. Ferrante, I. Clark, 1992, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Activity of divicine in Plasmodium vinckei‐infected mice has implications for treatment of favism and epidemiology of G‐6‐PD deficiency

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1984, British journal of haematology.

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha in the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: is either one responsible or is there another ligand-mediating disease?

W. Cowden, I. Ramshaw, D. Willenborg, 1998, Research in immunology.

Maintenance of Resistance to Reinduction Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and the Recovery of Lewis Rats from Experimental Nitric Oxide Plays a Critical Role in the

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, B. Charlton, 1999 .

Nitric oxide plays a critical role in the recovery of Lewis rats from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the maintenance of resistance to reinduction.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, B. Charlton, 1999, Journal of immunology.

Carbohydrates play a role in neurite outgrowth in vivo during development and regeneration.

W. Cowden, C. Hill, C. Abotomey, 1994, Brain research. Developmental brain research.

Effect of antioxidants on primary alloantigen-induced T cell activation and proliferation.

I. Clark, G. Chaudhri, W. Cowden, 1986, Journal of immunology.

Differential effects of the anti‐inflammatory compounds heparin, mannose‐6‐phosphate, and castanospermine on degradation of the vascular basement membrane by leukocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets

W. Cowden, C. Parish, M. R. Bartlett, 1995, Journal of leukocyte biology.

Nitric oxide induces polarization of actin in encephalitogenic T cells and inhibits their in vitro transendothelial migration in a p70S6 kinase‐independent manner

M. Crouch, W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, 2003, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

Alloreactive cytotoxic T cells recognize MHC class I antigen without peptide specificity.

W. Cowden, N. King, A. Müllbacher, 1991, Journal of immunology.

IFN-gamma plays a critical down-regulatory role in the induction and effector phase of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

W. Cowden, C. Bernard, I. Ramshaw, 1996, Journal of immunology.

Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes through Immunostimulation with Q Fever Complement‐Fixing Antigen

N. Petrovsky, D. Silva, W. Cowden, 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Suppression of active but not passive autoimmune encephalomyelitis by dual cyclo‐oxygenase and 5‐lipoxygenase inhibition

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, R. D. Simmons, 1992, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

DNA vaccines for the treatment of autoimmune disease

W. Cowden, C. Bernard, D. Willenborg, 1997, Immunology and cell biology.

Host systemic and local nitric oxide levels do not correlate with rejection of pig proislet xenografts in mice

W. Cowden, B. V. van Leeuwen, C. Simeonovic, 2002, Xenotransplantation.

Suppression of hyperacute and passively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by the anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole

L. A. Hansen, W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, 1995, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

Nitric oxide is a potential down-regulating molecule in autoimmune disease: inhibition of nitric oxide production renders PVG rats highly susceptible to EAE

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, M. Staykova, 1998, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

Autoimmune Diabetes in the NOD Mouse: An Essential Role of Fas‐FasL Signaling in β Cell Apoptosis

Diego G. Silva, N. Petrovsky, L. Socha, 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Blockade of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Intimal Thickening After Balloon Injury by the Sulfated Oligosaccharide PI-88: Phosphomannopentaose Sulfate Directly Binds FGF-2, Blocks Cellular Signaling, and Inhibits Proliferation

Julie H. Campbell, L. Khachigian, W. Cowden, 2003, Circulation research.

Role of TNF in cerebral malaria

I. Clark, K. Rockett, W. Cowden, 1991, The Lancet.

Hemodynamic Effects of the Nitric Oxide Donor DETA/NO in Mice

J. Whitworth, W. Cowden, C. Schyvens, 2004, Clinical and experimental hypertension.

Nonspecific antiviral immunity by formalin-fixed Coxiella burnetii is enhanced in the absence of nitric oxide.

M. Rolph, W. Cowden, S. Mahalingam, 2004, Virology.

The antiviral activity of tumour necrosis factor on herpes simplex virus type 1: role for a butylated hydroxyanisole sensitive factor

M. Rolph, B. Lidbury, W. Cowden, 2005, Archives of Virology.

Effects of the anti‐inflammatory compounds castanospermine, mannose‐6‐phosphate and fucoidan on allograft rejection and elicited peritoneal exudates

W. Cowden, C. Parish, H. Warren, 1994, Immunology and cell biology.

Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis in the rat by phosphosugars and the α‐glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine

W. Cowden, C. Parish, D. Willenborg, 1992, Immunology and cell biology.

Phosphosugars are potent inhibitors of central nervous system inflammation 1

W. Cowden, C. Parish, D. Willenborg, 1989, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

Inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by the α-glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine

W. Cowden, C. Parish, D. Willenborg, 1989, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

Nitric oxide production is increased during murine vaccinia virus infection, but may not be essential for virus clearance.

M. Rolph, K. Rockett, W. Cowden, 1996, Virology.

Our shifting understanding of the role of nitric oxide in autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, M. Staykova, 1999, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

Nitric oxide contributes to the resistance of young SJL/J mice to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, S. Fordham, 2006, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

Bleomycin‐detectable iron in plasma from Plasmodium vinckei vinckei‐infecied mice

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1986, FEBS letters.

Characterisation of the anticoagulant properties of a range of structurally diverse sulfated oligosaccharides.

W. Cowden, C. Parish, V. Ferro, 2001, Thrombosis research.

Malaria mimicry with tumor necrosis factor. Contrasts between species of murine malaria and Plasmodium falciparum.

I. Clark, K. Rockett, W. Cowden, 1992, The American journal of pathology.

TNF and Plasmodium berghei ANKA-induced cerebral malaria.

S. Ilschner, I. Clark, W. Cowden, 1990, Immunology letters.

TNF and inhibition of growth of Plasmodium falciparum.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 1990, Immunology letters.

Amplification of the antitumor activity of phleomycins in rats and mice by heterocyclic analogues of purines.

W. Cowden, D. J. Brown, G. Grigg, 1984, The Journal of antibiotics.

Killing of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro by nitric oxide derivatives

K. Rockett, I. Clark, K. Rockett, 1991, Infection and immunity.

IFN-γ Is Critical to the Control of Murine Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Regulates Both in the Periphery and in the Target Tissue: A Possible Role for Nitric Oxide

W. Cowden, I. Ramshaw, D. Willenborg, 1999, The Journal of Immunology.

Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release

I. Clark, W. Cowden, L. Alleva, 2006, Malaria Journal.

Auto-oxidation of dialuric acid, divicine and isouramil. Superoxide dependent and independent mechanisms.

W. Cowden, C. Winterbourn, H. C. Sutton, 1989, Biochemical pharmacology.

The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, 2003, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

Castanospermine, an oligosaccharide-processing inhibitor, reduces membrane expression of adhesion molecules and prolongs heart allograft survival in rats.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, A. Hibberd, 1996, Transplantation proceedings.

The effects of Castanospermine, an oligosaccharide processing inhibitor, on mononuclear/endothelial cell binding and the expression of cell adhesion molecules.

P. McElduff, W. Cowden, A. Hibberd, 2012, Transplant immunology.

Castanospermine, an oligosaccharide processing inhibitor, reduces both lymphocyte-endothelial cell binding and LFA-1alpha membrane expression.

W. Cowden, A. Hibberd, D. Clark, 2001, Transplantation Proceedings.

Castanospermine modifies expression of adhesion molecules in allograft recipients.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, A. Hibberd, 1993, Transplantation Proceedings.

Interference with intracellular carbohydrate processing by castanospermine prolongs heart allograft survival.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, A. Hibberd, 1993, Transplantation proceedings.

Castanospermine, an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing, prolongs pancreaticoduodenal allograft survival.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, A. Hibberd, 1992, Transplantation Proceedings.

Treatment of central nervous system inflammation with inhibitors of basement membrane degradation

W. Cowden, C. Parish, D. Willenborg, 1998, Immunology and cell biology.

Synergistic interaction between castanospermine and tacrolimus in a rat heart allograft model.

T. Chou, W. Cowden, T C Chou, 1997, Transplantation proceedings.

Castanospermine, an oligosaccharide processing inhibitor, reduces membrane expression of adhesion molecules and prolongs heart allograft survival in rats.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, A. Hibberd, 1997, Transplant immunology.

Identification of sulfated oligosaccharide-based inhibitors of tumor growth and metastasis using novel in vitro assays for angiogenesis and heparanase activity.

W. Cowden, C. Parish, C. Freeman, 1999, Cancer research.

Flavin analogs with antimalarial activity as glutathione reductase inhibitors.

R. Schirmer, K. Becker, R. Christopherson, 1990, Biochemical pharmacology.

FREE OXYGEN RADICAL GENERATORS AS ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 1983, The Lancet.

Detection of short-chain carbonyl products of lipid peroxidation from malaria-parasite (Plasmodium vinckei)-infected red blood cells exposed to oxidative stress.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1988, The Biochemical journal.

Elevated secretion of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates by inflammatory leukocytes in hyperacute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: enhancement by the soluble products of encephalitogenic T cells

K. Rockett, W. Cowden, J. MacMicking, 1992, The Journal of experimental medicine.

Some roles of free radicals in malaria.

I. Clark, G. Chaudhri, W. Cowden, 1989, Free radical biology & medicine.

Inhibition of growth in vitro of Plasmodium falciparum by complex polysaccharides.

W. Cowden, G. Butcher, C. Parish, 1988, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Necrosis Factor in the Pathology ofMalaria

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 2007 .

Oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of parasitic disease.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1986, Advances in parasitology.

The pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria.

I. Clark, K. Rockett, W. Cowden, 1994, Parasitology today.

Pathogenesis of Malaria and Clinically Similar Conditions

I. Clark, W. Cowden, L. Alleva, 2004, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

Inhibition of murine malaria (Plasmodium chabaudi) in vivo by recombinant interferon-gamma or tumor necrosis factor, and its enhancement by butylated hydroxyanisole.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 1987, Journal of immunology.

Understanding the role of inflammatory cytokines in malaria and related diseases.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, L. Alleva, 2008, Travel medicine and infectious disease.

TNF in cerebral malaria.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, R. Rockett, 1993, The Quarterly journal of medicine.

Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and human cerebral malaria.

I. Clark, K. Rockett, W. Cowden, 1991, Parasitology today.

Toxicity of certain products of lipid peroxidation to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 1987, Biochemical pharmacology.

Roles of TNF in malaria and other parasitic infections.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, 1992, Immunology series.

In vivo induction of nitrite and nitrate by tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin, and interleukin-1: possible roles in malaria

B. Aggarwal, I. Clark, K. Rockett, 1992, Infection and immunity.

Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Initiates Relapsing Remitting Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Rats , Yet Nitric Oxide Appears to be Essential for Clinical Expression of Disease 1

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, B. Charlton, 2001 .

Antimalarial action of flavin analogues seems not be due to inhibition of glutathione reductase of host erythrocytes.

W. Cowden, G. Butcher, N. Hunt, 1990, Biochemical pharmacology.

Antimalarial activity of synthetic riboflavin antagonists.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, 1987, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Antigenic structure of bovine growth hormone: location of a growth enhancing region.

R. Aston, W. Cowden, T. Trigg, 1991, Molecular immunology.

Flavins as potential antimalarials. 2. 3-Methyl-10-(substituted-phenyl) flavins.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1991, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

Nitric oxide contributes to resistance of the Brown Norway rat to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

J. Paridaen, W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, 2005, The American journal of pathology.

Balloon Injury by the Sulfated Oligosaccharide PI-88 : Phosphomannopentaose Sulfate Blockade of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Intimal Thickening After

Julie H. Campbell, L. Khachigian, W. Cowden, 2003 .

Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by the free radical scavenger butylated hydroxyanisole.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, P. Lewis-Hughes, 1985, Biochemical pharmacology.

A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase is attenuated in vivo

M. Rolph, W. Cowden, I. Ramshaw, 1996, Journal of virology.

Possible central role of nitric oxide in conditions clinically similar to cerebral malaria

I. Clark, K. Rockett, W. Cowden, 1992, The Lancet.

Cytokines and Murine Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Inhibition or Enhancement of Disease with Antibodies to Select Cytokines, or by Delivery of Exogenous Cytokines Using a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus System

W. Cowden, I. Ramshaw, D. Willenborg, 1995, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

Angiogenesis and Heparanase Activity Assays for in Vitro Tumor Growth and Metastasis Using Novel Identification of Sulfated Oligosaccharide-based Inhibitors of Updated Version

W. Cowden, C. Parish, C. Freeman, 1999 .

Radical-mediated damage to parasites and erythrocytes in Plasmodium vinckei infected mice after injection of t-butyl hydroperoxide.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1984, Clinical and experimental immunology.

Antimalarial activity of a riboflavin analog against Plasmodium vinckei in vivo and Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, G. Butcher, 1987, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

Macrophages and nitric oxide as the possible cellular and molecular basis for strain and gender differences in susceptibility to autoimmune central nervous system inflammation

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, M. Staykova, 2002, Immunology and cell biology.

FREE OXYGEN RADICALS IN MALARIA

I. Clark, A. Allison, W. Cowden, 1983, The Lancet.

Flavins as potential antimalarials. 1. 10-(Halophenyl)-3-methylflavins.

I. Clark, W. Cowden, N. Hunt, 1988, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

Interferonγ plays a critical down-regulatory role in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis

W. Cowden, I. Ramshaw, D. Willenborg, 1998, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

K. Rockett, W. Cowden, J. MacMicking, 1992, The Journal of experimental medicine.

Injection of free radical generators causes premature onset of tissue damage in malaria‐infected mice

I. Clark, W. Cowden, E. J. Mackie, 1986, The Journal of pathology.

Synergism of castanospermine and FK 506.

W. Cowden, D. Willenborg, A. Hibberd, 1995, Transplantation Proceedings.

Nitric oxide and cerebral malaria

K. Rockett, W. Cowden, I. Clark, 1993, The Lancet.