S. Hays

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Biomonitoring equivalents: a screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective.

R A Becker, S M Hays, L L Aylward, 2007, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (CAS No. 117-81-7).

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Kannan Krishnan, 2009, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP).

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Kannan Krishnan, 2009, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for di-isononyl phthalate (DINP).

K. Krishnan, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2011, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Human biomonitoring assessment values: approaches and data requirements.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Michael Wilhelm, 2011, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

Interpreting human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context using Biomonitoring Equivalents.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, S. Hays, 2012, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

Variation in urinary spot sample, 24 h samples, and longer-term average urinary concentrations of short-lived environmental chemicals: implications for exposure assessment and reverse dosimetry

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Zidek, 2016, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for cadmium (Cd) (CAS No. 7440-43-9).

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Janice W Yager, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

The role of human biological monitoring in health risk assessment

D. Krewski, K. Krishnan, D. Mattison, 2017 .

Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE) Values for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds: A Screening Tool for Interpretation of Biomonitoring Data in a Risk Assessment Context

Lesa L. Aylward, Sean M. Hays, Judy S. LaKind, 2008, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for toluene (CAS No. 108-88-3).

Hugh A. Barton, Lesa L. Aylward, Sean M. Hays, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for acrylamide (AA) (CAS No. 79-06-1).

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, S. Hays, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Guidelines for the derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents: report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop.

Conrad Brunk, Hugh A Barton, Peter J Boogaard, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for trihalomethanes.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Judy S LaKind, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (CAS No. 94-75-7).

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, S. Hays, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for cyfluthrin.

K. Krishnan, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2009, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for inorganic arsenic.

K. Krishnan, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2010, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for triclosan.

Kannan Krishnan, Lesa L. Aylward, Andy Nong, 2010, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Chemical-specific screening criteria for interpretation of biomonitoring data for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)--application of steady-state PBPK model solutions.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, C. Kirman, 2010, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for hexachlorobenzene.

K. Krishnan, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2010, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for bisphenol A (BPA).

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Kannan Krishnan, 2010, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for DDT/DDE.

K. Krishnan, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2011, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for deltamethrin.

K. Krishnan, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2011, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenylether (PBDE-99).

K. Krishnan, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2011, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Interpreting variability in population biomonitoring data: Role of elimination kinetics

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Lisa M McKenzie, 2012, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

Evaluation of Biomonitoring Data from the CDC National Exposure Report in a Risk Assessment Context: Perspectives across Chemicals

Lesa L. Aylward, Sean M. Hays, Christopher J. Portier, 2012, Environmental health perspectives.

Screening of population level biomonitoring data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey in a risk-based context.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Nong, 2014, Toxicology letters.

Sources of Variability in Biomarker Concentrations

H. Koch, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2014, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

Inter- and intra-individual variation in urinary biomarker concentrations over a 6-day sampling period. Part 2: personal care product ingredients.

H. Koch, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2014, Toxicology letters.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for selenium.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Nong, 2014, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Data for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in the United States and Canada: Interpretation in a Public Health Risk Assessment Context Using Biomonitoring Equivalents

B. Alexander, D. Barr, T. Arbuckle, 2009, Environmental health perspectives.

Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) for tetrabromobisphenol A

C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2019, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Temporal trends in human TCDD body burden: Decreases over three decades and implications for exposure levels

S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2002, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

A critical review of the use of Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) as a biomarker of acute or chronic pulmonary effects

S. Holgate, P. Helms, S. Hays, 2007, Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals.

Derivation of a No-significant-risk-level (NSRL) for dermal exposures to diethanolamine.

C. Kirman, S. Hays, R. Becker, 2016, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Basis for a Proposed Reference Dose (RfD) for Dioxin of 1-10 PG/KG-Day: A Weight of Evidence Evaluation of the Human and Animal Studies

D. Paustenbach, J. F. Greene, S. Hays, 2003, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

Concentration-dependent TCDD elimination kinetics in humans: toxicokinetic modeling for moderately to highly exposed adults from Seveso, Italy, and Vienna, Austria, and impact on dose estimates for the NIOSH cohort

P. Brambilla, L. Needham, S. Hays, 2005, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

Perspective on serum dioxin levels in the United States: an evaluation of the NHANES data

D. Naiman, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2009, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

Age-specific Reference Ranges for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) Based on the NHANES 2001–2002 Survey

S. Hays, L. Aylward, J. Lamb, 2007, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A.

Relationships of Chemical Concentrations in Maternal and Cord Blood: A Review of Available Data

C. Kirman, D. Mattison, S. Hays, 2014, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

Evaluation of NHANES biomonitoring data for volatile organic chemicals in blood: Application of chemical-specific screening criteria

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, David W Pyatt, 2012, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

Application of human biomonitoring (HBM) of chemical exposure in the characterisation of health risks under REACH.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, P. Boogaard, 2012, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

Exposure of Infants and Children in the U.S. to the Flame Retardant Decabromodiphenyl Oxide (DBDPO)

D. Paustenbach, S. Hays, H. Leung, 2003 .

Biomonitoring Equivalents for interpretation of silver biomonitoring data in a risk assessment context.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Nong, 2016, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats.

R. Conolly, S. Hays, M. Gargas, 2000, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Observation of steady state in blood and urine following human ingestion of hexavalent chromium in drinking water.

D J Paustenbach, S M Hays, D. Paustenbach, 1996, Journal of toxicology and environmental health.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for benzene.

C. Kirman, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2012, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

United States voluntary children’s chemical evaluation program (VCCEP) risk assessment for children exposed to benzene

S. Hays, D. Pyatt, C. A. Cushing, 2012, Toxicology mechanisms and methods.

Do children have increased susceptibility for developing secondary acute myelogenous leukemia?

S. Hays, D. Pyatt, C. A. Cushing, 2005, Chemico-biological interactions.

Derivation of endogenous equivalent values to support risk assessment and risk management decisions for an endogenous carcinogen: Ethylene oxide

C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2017, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Re: analysis of dioxin cancer threshold.

C. Kirman, D. Cher, S. Hays, 2003, Environmental health perspectives.

Inter- and intra-individual variation in urinary biomarker concentrations over a 6-day sampling period. Part 1: metals.

H. Koch, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2014, Toxicology letters.

Derivation of biomonitoring equivalents (BE values) for bismuth.

S. Hays, A. Nong, D. Poddalgoda, 2019, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for interpretation of urinary fluoride.

M. Deveau, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2015, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

California biomonitoring data: Comparison to NHANES and interpretation in a risk assessment context.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, J. Seiber, 2015, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Screening‐level Biomonitoring Equivalents for tiered interpretation of urinary 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid (3‐PBA) in a risk assessment context

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Nong, 2018, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Interpreting biomonitoring data: Introducing the international human biomonitoring (i-HBM) working group’s health-based guidance value (HB2GV) dashboard

M. J. Silva, Marta Esteban López, L. Rambaud, 2022, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

Human Exposure Assessment for DBPs: Factors Influencing Blood Trihalomethane Levels

L. Backer, B. Blount, S. Hays, 2011 .

Extrapolation of plasma clearance to understand species differences in toxicokinetics of bisphenol A

S. Hays, T. Poet, 2018, Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems.

Integration of mechanistic and pharmacokinetic information to derive oral reference dose and margin‐of‐exposure values for hexavalent chromium

C. Thompson, D. Proctor, L. Haws, 2017, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for interpretation of urinary iodine.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Nong, 2018, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Is dioxin a threshold carcinogen? A quantitative analysis of the epidemiological data using internal dose and monte carlo methods

D. Paustenbach, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2000 .

Relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the cancer hazard posed by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using internal measures of dose

D. Paustenbach, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 1998 .

Reduction of hexavalent chromium by fasted and fed human gastric fluid. II. Ex vivo gastric reduction modeling.

S. De Flora, D. Proctor, L. Haws, 2016, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for molybdenum.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, A. Nong, 2016, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Development of Screening Tools for the Interpretation of Chemical Biomonitoring Data

Richard A. Becker, Lesa L. Aylward, Sean M. Hays, 2012, Journal of toxicology.

Cholinesterase inhibition in chlorpyrifos workers: Characterization of biomarkers of exposure and response in relation to urinary TCPy

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, David H Garabrant, 2009, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

Biomonitoring Equivalents for cyanide

S. M. Hays, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2018, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Exposure to selected preservatives in personal care products: case study comparison of exposure models and observational biomonitoring data

John N. Westgate, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2018, Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology.

Using PBPK modeling and comprehensive realism methodology for the quantitative cancer risk assessment of butadiene.

R L Sielken, R H Reitz, S M Hays, 1996, Toxicology.

Evaluation of urinary speciated arsenic in NHANES: issues in interpretation in the context of potential inorganic arsenic exposure.

C. Kirman, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2014, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

A chronic oral reference dose for hexavalent chromium-induced intestinal cancer†

Sean M Hays, Deborah M Proctor, Chad M Thompson, 2013, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

A mechanism-based cancer risk assessment for 1,4-dichlorobenzene.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, B. Butterworth, 2007, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

A proposed approach to study the toxicology of complex mixtures of petroleum products: the integrated use of QSAR, lumping analysis and PBPK/PD modeling.

S M Hays, D P Gaver, K F Reardon, 1997, Environmental health perspectives.

Dioxin risks in perspective: past, present, and future.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2003, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Development and Application of Biomonitoring Equivalents for Interpreting Biomonitoring Data in a Human Health Risk Context

S. M. Hays, S. Hays, 2009 .

Derivation of Biomonitoring Equivalents for Aluminium for the Interpretation of Population-level Biomonitoring Data.

C. Kirman, S. Hays, A. Nong, 2021, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Improved physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for oral exposures to chromium in mice, rats, and humans to address temporal variation and sensitive populations

D. Proctor, M. Suh, C. Kirman, 2017, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Deriving Biomonitoring Equivalents for selected E- and P-series glycol ethers for public health risk assessment.

S. Hays, N. Ball, T. Poet, 2016, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

A review of the potential association between childhood leukemia and benzene.

S. Hays, D. Pyatt, 2010, Chemico-biological interactions.

Interpreting biomonitoring data for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Update to Biomonitoring Equivalents and population biomonitoring data.

S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2015, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Use of biomarker data and metabolite relative potencies to support derivation of noncancer reference values based on the reproductive and developmental toxicity effects of 1,3-butadiene.

N. Tretyakova, C. Kirman, C. North, 2022, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Use of Biomarker Data and Relative Potencies of Mutagenic Metabolites to Support Derivation of Cancer Unit Risk Values for 1,3-Butadiene from Rodent Tumor Data

C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2022, Toxics.

2,4-D exposure and risk assessment: comparison of external dose and biomonitoring based approaches.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Christopher Kirman, 2012, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Guidelines for the communication of Biomonitoring Equivalents: report from the Biomonitoring Equivalents Expert Workshop.

Conrad Brunk, Michael Dourson, Claude Viau, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Is Age an Independent Risk Factor for Chemically Induced Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in Children?

S. Hays, L. Aylward, D. Pyatt, 2007, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

The relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the carcinogenic hazard posed by exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD: an analysis using standard and internal measures of dose.

D. Paustenbach, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 1997, Chemosphere.

Variation in Urinary Flow Rates According to Demographic Characteristics and Body Mass Index in NHANES: Potential Confounding of Associations between Health Outcomes and Urinary Biomarker Concentrations

B. Blount, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2015, Environmental health perspectives.

Human biomonitoring as a pragmatic tool to support health risk management of chemicals--examples under the EU REACH programme.

Peter J Boogaard, Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, 2011, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Using Biomonitoring Equivalents to interpret human biomonitoring data in a public health risk context

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, S. Hays, 2009, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for humans orally exposed to chromium.

S M Hays, L L Aylward, C R Kirman, 2013, Chemico-biological interactions.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rats and mice orally exposed to chromium.

S M Hays, L L Aylward, C R Kirman, 2012, Chemico-biological interactions.

A physiologically based model for the ingestion of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by humans.

D J Paustenbach, E J O'Flaherty, S M Hays, 2001, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

Characterizing uncertainty and variability in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models: state of the science and needs for research and implementation.

George Loizou, Melvin E Andersen, Hugh A Barton, 2007, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

Asthma and Swimming: A Meta-Analysis

Michael Goodman, Sean Hays, S. Hays, 2008, The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma.

TCDD exposure estimation for workers at a New Zealand 2,4,5-T manufacturing facility based on serum sampling data

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, James J Collins, 2010, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

Incorporating New Technologies Into Toxicity Testing and Risk Assessment: Moving From 21st Century Vision to a Data-Driven Framework

Melvin E. Andersen, Harvey J. Clewell, Russell S. Thomas, 2013, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

Relative Doses of 2,3,7,8-Tetraehlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Using Alternative Dosimetries: Comparison ofthe the NIOSH and Raneh Hand Populations

D. Paustenbach, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 1997 .

Comparative Dose-Response ofthe NIOSH and Seveso Populations to the Carcinogenic Hazard of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Using Alternative Dosimetries

D. Paustenbach, P. Brambilla, L. Needham, 1997 .

A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rat and human.

D J Paustenbach, M L Gargas, S M Hays, 2000, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Implementing a framework for integrating toxicokinetics into human health risk assessment for agrochemicals.

Manoj Aggarwal, Claire Terry, Sean Hays, 2016, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring-based risk assessment for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).

S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2011, International journal of hygiene and environmental health.

Synchrotron-Based Imaging of Chromium and γ-H2AX Immunostaining in the Duodenum Following Repeated Exposure to Cr(VI) in Drinking Water

C. Thompson, D. Proctor, L. Haws, 2014, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

Hexavalent chromium reduction kinetics in rodent stomach contents.

C. Thompson, D. Proctor, L. Haws, 2012, Chemosphere.

Limited Genomics Training Among Physicians Remains a Barrier to Genomics-Based Implementation of Precision Medicine

S. Hays, R. Woosley, Valerie M. Schaibley, 2022, Frontiers in Medicine.

Ethylene oxide review: characterization of total exposure via endogenous and exogenous pathways and their implications to risk assessment and risk management

R. Lewis, C. Kirman, S. Hays, 2020, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

Derivation of human Biomonitoring Guidance Values for chlorpyrifos using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of cholinesterase inhibition.

Manoj Aggarwal, Sean Hays, Scott M Arnold, 2015, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Consideration of dosimetry in evaluation of ToxCast™ data

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, S. Hays, 2011, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

Assessment of margin of exposure based on biomarkers in blood: an exploratory analysis.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Richard A Becker, 2011, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts

R. Tyagi, C. Kirman, J. Morales-Montor, 2023, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Improving Cancer Dose–Response Characterization by Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: An Analysis of Pooled Data for Acrylonitrile‐Induced Brain Tumors to Assess Cancer Potency in the Rat

M L Gargas, S M Hays, G. L. Kedderis, 2000, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

Science peer review for the 21st century: Assessing scientific consensus for decision‐making while managing conflict of interests, reviewer and process bias

C. Kirman, S. Hays, T. Simon, 2019, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Comment on 'Relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the cancer hazard posed by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using internal measures of dose' (multiple letters)

D. Paustenbach, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 1998 .

A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat and human.

D. Paustenbach, K. Weitz, S. Hays, 2000, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Public health interpretation of trihalomethane blood levels in the United States: NHANES 1999–2004

D. Naiman, B. Blount, S. Hays, 2010, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

The challenge of using read-across within the EU REACH regulatory framework; how much uncertainty is too much? Dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, an exemplary case study.

Nicholas Ball, Christopher Kirman, Grace Patlewicz, 2014, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Biomonitoring equivalents for inorganic arsenic.

K. Krishnan, S. Hays, L. Aylward, 2010, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

Interpreting estrogen screening assays in the context of potency and human exposure relative to natural exposures to phytoestrogens.

Sean M Hays, Lesa L Aylward, Richard A Becker, 2014, Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology.

Hexavalent chromium reduction kinetics in rodent stomach contents.

C. Thompson, D. Proctor, L. Haws, 2012, Chemosphere.