P. Botham

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A 1-year toxicity study in dogs is no longer a scientifically justifiable core data requirement for the safety assessment of pesticides

Richard W. Lewis, H. Spielmann, W. Kobel, 2010, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Assessment of the Effects of MPTP and Paraquat on Dopaminergic Neurons and Microglia in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of C57BL/6 Mice

Philip A. Botham, Mark T. Butt, Kim Z. Travis, 2016, PloS one.

Letter to the Editor

P. Botham, K. Travis, C. Breckenridge, 2014, Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology.

Guidance for the classification of carcinogens under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

Alan Boobis, Marco Binaglia, Thomas Petry, 2010, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Workshop Overview: Scientific and Regulatory Challenges for the Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement of Animals in Toxicity Testing 1

I. Purchase, W. Stokes, O. Flint, 1998 .

Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny – part II: how can key events of relevant adverse outcome pathways be addressed in toxicological assessments?

Bethany R. Hannas, B. van Ravenzwaay, N. Hallmark, 2021, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Alternative Methods for Skin Irritation Testing: The Current Status

J. J. van de Sandt, J. Fentem, P. Botham, 1998, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

A framework for chemical safety assessment incorporating new approach methodologies within REACH

T. Gant, M. Cronin, B. van Ravenzwaay, 2022, Archives of Toxicology.

Update on the Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Tests for Skin Corrosion and Irritation

J. Fentem, P. Botham, 2004, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Skin Irritation / Corrosion

P. Botham, V. Zuang, C. Eskes, 2004 .

Results with OECD recommended positive control sensitizers in the maximization, Buehler and local lymph node assays.

D. Basketter, P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1993, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

Towards a mechanism-based approach for the prediction of nongenotoxic carcinogenic potential of agrochemicals

R. Woutersen, F. Madia, R. Corvi, 2020, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Early cellular reactions induced by dinitrochlorobenzene in sensitized human skin

D. Gawkrodger, J. Hunter, P. Botham, 1984, The British journal of dermatology.

The hapten in contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene: immunoelectron microscopic and immunofluorescent studies.

D. Gawkrodger, J. Hunter, P. Botham, 1989, Dermatologica.

An Evaluation of the Proposed OECD Testing Strategy for Skin Corrosion

Andrew P. Worth, Michael Balls, Manfred Liebsch, 1998, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Hazard identification, classification, and risk assessment of carcinogens: too much or too little? – Report of an ECETOC workshop

A. Boobis, S. Felter, H. Greim, 2020, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Allergy to laboratory animals: a prospective study of its incidence and of the influence of atopy on its development.

G. E. Davies, P. Botham, E. Teasdale, 1987, British journal of industrial medicine.

Chemicals and Pesticides

P. Botham, J. Doe, 2019, The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology.

Are pesticides immunotoxic?

P. Botham, 1990, Adverse drug reactions and acute poisoning reviews.

Paraquat pharmacokinetics in primates and extrapolation to humans.

Jerry L. Campbell, H. Clewell, D. Wolf, 2021, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing: Current status and future prospects - Overview

Valérie Zuang, Silvia Casati, Andrew P. Worth, 2002 .

Contact sensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis) to bis(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide in mice

P. Botham, C. Stringer, Roger Hickes, 1991, Contact dermatitis.

Identification of immunotoxic effects of chemicals and assessment of their relevance to man.

D. Basketter, C. Lambré, P. Botham, 1988, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

The induction of respiratory allergy in guinea-pigs following intradermal injection of trimellitic anhydride: a comparison with the response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.

P. Botham, P. Hext, N. J. Rattray, 1989, Toxicology letters.

Allergy to laboratory animals: a follow up study of its incidence and of the influence of atopy and pre-existing sensitisation on its development.

P. Botham, J. Tomenson, E. Teasdale, 1995, Occupational and environmental medicine.

Sensitisation of guinea pigs by inhalation exposure to low molecular weight chemicals.

P. Botham, P. Hext, N. J. Rattray, 1988, Toxicology letters.

A two-centre study for the evaluation and validation of an animal model for the assessment of the potential of small molecular weight chemicals to cause respiratory allergy.

P. Botham, P. Hext, L. Blaikie, 1995, Toxicology.

The expression of MHC class II (Ia) antigens on mouse keratinocytes following epicutaneous application of contact sensitizers and irritants

P. Botham, R. Hicks, C. Stringer, 1991, The British journal of dermatology.

Feasibility of the extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study (OECD 443).

B. van Ravenzwaay, T. Hanley, I. Fegert, 2012, Reproductive toxicology.

Towards best use and regulatory acceptance of generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in chemical risk assessment

A. Piersma, T. Gant, J. Wambaugh, 2022, Archives of Toxicology.

Induction of respiratory hypersensitivity to diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI) in guinea pigs. Influence of route of exposure.

P. Botham, P. Hext, I. Kimber, 1994, Toxicology.

Integration of paraquat pharmacokinetic data across species using PBPK modelling.

Jerry L. Campbell, M. Andersen, H. Clewell, 2021, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

Acute systemic toxicity--prospects for tiered testing strategies.

P. Botham, P A Botham, 2004, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

An Assessment of Progress in the Use of Alternatives in Toxicity Testing since the Publication of the Report of the Second FRAME Toxicity Committee (1991)

Robert Combes, Martin Barratt, Michael Balls, 2002, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Experimental Contact Dermatitis Using 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Humans

D. Gawkrodger, J. Hunter, P. Botham, 1986 .

The murine local lymph node assay: results of an inter-laboratory trial.

T. Gray, D. Basketter, P. Botham, 1991, Toxicology letters.

Identification of contact allergens using the murine local lymph node assay: Comparisons with the buehler occluded patch test in guinea pigs

I. Kimber, P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1990, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

Models for contact sensitization‐novel approaches and future developments

I Kimber, P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1986, British Journal of Dermatology.

Assessment of the relative skin sensitizing potency of 3 biocides using the murine local lymph node assay

J Hilton, P. Botham, P A Botham, 1991, Contact dermatitis.

Investigation of TNF-alpha release as a measure of skin irritancy.

J. C. McCall, P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1993, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

Skin sensitization--a critical review of predictive test methods in animals and man.

D A Basketter, T Maurer, D. Basketter, 1991, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

The EC/HO international validation study on alternatives to the draize eye irritation test.

H Spielmann, M Balls, L H Bruner, 1995, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

Metabolic studies related to lipid accumulation in yeast [proceedings].

C. Ratledge, P. Botham, 1978, Biochemical Society transactions.

Eye irritation: Reference chemicals data bank.

D M Bagley, P. Botham, R. Lewis, 1992, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

The ECVAM International Validation Study on in Vitro Tests for Acute Skin Irritation: Report on the Validity of the EPISKIN and EpiDerm Assays and on the Skin Integrity Function Test a

Valérie Zuang, Andrew Worth, Sebastian Hoffmann, 2007, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny—part III: how is substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance in pregnant/lactating rats or their progeny related to neurodevelopmental effects?

Bethany R. Hannas, B. van Ravenzwaay, N. Hallmark, 2022, Critical reviews in toxicology.

3.2. Skin Irritation and Corrosion

Valérie Zuang, Chantra Eskes, Manfred Liebsch, 2005, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Pathways of glucose metabolism in Candida 107, a lipid-accumulating yeast.

C. Ratledge, P. Botham, 1977, Journal of general microbiology.

A biochemical explanation for lipid accumulation in Candida 107 and other oleaginous micro-organisms.

C. Ratledge, P. Botham, 1979, Journal of general microbiology.

TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE IN AMPHIBIAN DEVELOPMENT

M. Manning, P. Botham, G. Johari, 1981 .

A prevalidation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation. results and evaluation by the Management Team.

R Roguet, J H Fentem, C Chesné, 2001, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

Retrospective appraisal of the relationship between skin irritancy and contact sensitization potential.

T. Auton, P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1995, Journal of toxicology and environmental health.

A comparative study of the sensitivity of the 3-induction and 9-induction Buehler test procedures for assessing skin sensitisation potential.

P. Botham, N. Carmichael, S. de Jouffrey, 2005, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

Finding synergies for the 3Rs - Repeated dose toxicity testing: Report from an EPAA partners' forum.

Bertrand Desprez, Gianni Dal Negro, Bob van de Water, 2019, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

The Role of MHC Class II Antigens in Mediating Accessory Cell Function In Vitro in Nickel-Induced Contact Sensitivity

J. Hunter, P. Botham, D. J. Gawkrodger, 1989 .

Control of the immune response to contact sensitizing chemicals by cutaneous antigen‐presenting cells

P. Botham, N. J. Rattray, S. T. Walsh, 1987, The British journal of dermatology.

Contact-sensitizing and tolerogenic properties of 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene.

P. Botham, I. Kimber, N. J. Rattray, 1986, International archives of allergy and applied immunology.

Use of an in vitro test battery as a prescreen in the assessment of ocular irritancy.

J. C. McCall, P. Botham, R. Lewis, 1994, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

Toward a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny – part I: which parameters from human studies are most relevant for toxicological assessments?

G. Swaen, B. van Ravenzwaay, J. Palha, 2020, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Assessing chemical carcinogenicity: hazard identification, classification, and risk assessment. Insight from a Toxicology Forum state-of-the-science workshop

Virunya S Bhat, S. Felter, W. Casey, 2021, Critical reviews in toxicology.

Pharmacokinetic, neurochemical, stereological and neuropathological studies on the potential effects of paraquat in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum of male C57BL/6J mice.

M. Beck, P. Botham, J. Wolf, 2013, Neurotoxicology.

Dietary administration of paraquat for 13 weeks does not result in a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of C57BL/6J mice.

M. Beck, P. Botham, J. Wolf, 2014, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

The relationship between exposure to rats and antibody production in man: IgG antibody levels to rat urinary protein

J. C. McCall, P. Botham, J. Botham, 1989, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Interlaboratory validation of 1% pluronic l92 surfactant as a suitable, aqueous vehicle for testing pesticide formulations using the murine local lymph node assay.

G. Ladics, E. Debruyne, R. Billington, 2008, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

Maintenance of embryonically induced transplantation tolerance after short-term adult thymectomy in Xenopus laevis.

M. Manning, P. Botham, 1980, Developmental and comparative immunology.

The discrimination between nickel‐sensitive and non‐nickel‐sensitive subjects by an in vitro lymphocyte transformation test

J. Hunter, P. Botham, D. Gawkrodger, 1990, The British journal of dermatology.

The ECVAM International Validation Study on In Vitro Tests for Skin Corrosivity. 2. Results and Evaluation by the Management Team.

M Liebsch, M Balls, J H Fentem, 1998, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

On the skin sensitisation potential of rosin and oxidised rosin.

H. Illing, P. Botham, P A Botham, 2008, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

The skin corrosivity test in vitro. Results of an inter-laboratory trial.

D A Basketter, J. C. McCall, D J Esdaile, 1992, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

ECVAM's Activities in Validating Alternative Tests for Skin Corrosion and Irritation

J. Fentem, P. Botham, Philip A Botham, 2002, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Workshop overview: scientific and regulatory challenges for the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals in toxicity testing.

I. Purchase, I. Purchase, W. Stokes, 1998, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

Inhalation exposure to respiratory sensitising chemicals down-regulates guinea pig IgE and pulmonary responses.

P. Botham, R. Dearman, 1990, International archives of allergy and applied immunology.

Acute systemic toxicity.

P. Botham, 2002, ILAR journal.

The validation of in vitro methods for skin irritation.

P. Botham, Philip A Botham, 2004, Toxicology letters.

Classification of chemicals as sensitisers based on new test methods.

P. Botham, 1992, Toxicology letters.

Interlaboratory Evaluation of the Local Lymph Node Assay with 25 Chemicals and Comparison with Guinea Pig Test Data

D. Basketter, P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1991 .

Immunotoxicology and Allergy: Options for Ex Vivo and In Vitro Experimentation

P. Botham, I. Kimber, 1991 .

Applying genomics in regulatory toxicology: a report of the ECETOC workshop on omics threshold on non-adversity

Kamin J. Johnson, M. Viant, S. Auerbach, 2023, Archives of Toxicology.

Comments on A Scientific and Animal Welfare Assessment of the OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines for the Safety Testing of Chemicals Under the European Union REACH System

Richard W. Lewis, P. Botham, J. Doe, 2006, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

The international symposium on regulatory testing and animal welfare: recommendations on best scientific practices for acute local skin and eye toxicity testing.

A. Hayes, P. Botham, D. Moir, 2002, ILAR journal.

Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny – Part IV: the ECETOC and CLE Proposal for a Thyroid Function-Related Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing and Assessment Scheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS)

B. van Ravenzwaay, P. Botham, U. Sauer, 2023, Critical reviews in toxicology.

ECVAM, ECETOC and the EU Chemicals Policy

P. Botham, 2002, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Refinement of an in Vitro Test for the Identification of Skin Corrosive Chemicals

P. Botham, R. Hirst, M. Pemberton, 1991 .

Follow-up to the ECVAM Prevalidation Study on In Vitro Tests for Acute Skin Irritation

Valérie Zuang, Emanuela Corsini, Michael Balls, 2002, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Cellular events in human skin after challenge with dinitrochlorobenzene

D. Gawkrodger, J. Hunter, P. Botham, 1984 .

Animal Models for Predicting Hypersensitivity Reactions to Small Molecules

P. Botham, 1990 .

Regulation of non-relevant metabolites of plant protection products in drinking and groundwater in the EU: Current status and way forward.

V. Laabs, C. Leake, P. Botham, 2015, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

The Third FRAME Toxicity Committee: Working toward Greater Implementation of Alternatives in Toxicity Testing

George Loizou, Martin Barratt, Michael Balls, 2004, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

Eye irritation: Reference chemicals data bank

P. Botham, R. Lewis, R. Kreiling, 1992 .

A comparison of two cytotoxicity tests for predicting the ocular irritancy of surfactants.

J. C. McCall, P. Botham, R. Lewis, 1993, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

IRAG working group 3. Cell function-based assays. Interagency Regulatory Alternatives Group.

P. Botham, G. Carr, R. V. Van Buskirk, 1997, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

A Prevalidation Study on In Vitro Skin Corrosivity Testing

Michael Balls, Manfred Liebsch, Philip A. Botham, 1995 .