S. Bland

发表

Generation of supersonic jets from underwater electrical explosions of wire arrays

Y. Krasik, S. Efimov, D. Maler, 2021 .

X-ray generation mechanisms in three-dimensional simulations of wire array Z-pinches

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2004 .

Implosion and stagnation of wire array Z pinchesa)

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2006 .

Interaction of radiatively cooled plasma jets with neutral gases for laboratory astrophysics studies

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2013 .

Interaction of a supersonic, radiatively cooled plasma jet with an ambient medium

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012 .

A Primer on Pulsed Power and Linear Transformer Drivers for High Energy Density Physics Applications

R. Mcbride, M. Cuneo, D. Sinars, 2018, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

3D MHD Simulations of Laboratory Plasma Jets

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, E. Blackman, 2006, astro-ph/0606755.

Two-colour interferometry and Thomson scattering measurements of a plasma gun

E. Tubman, W. Rozmus, S. Lebedev, 2019, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion.

Radiative precursors driven by converging blast waves in noble gases

S. Lebedev, S. Bland, F. Suzuki-Vidal, 2014, 2014 IEEE 41st International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS) held with 2014 IEEE International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS).

Study of the effect of current rise time on the formation of the precursor column in cylindrical wire array Z pinches at 1 MA

R. Mcbride, P. Knapp, J. Greenly, 2009 .

Investigating Radial Wire Array $Z$ -Pinches as a Compact X-Ray Source on the Saturn Generator

R. Mcbride, C. Jennings, M. Cuneo, 2015, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Demonstration of Radiation Pulse-Shaping Capabilities Using Nested Conical Wire-Array $Z$-Pinches

C. Jennings, M. Cuneo, D. Sinars, 2012, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Investigation of radial wire arrays for inertial confinement fusion and radiation effects science.

R. Mcbride, C. Jennings, M. Cuneo, 2010 .

Dynamics of conical wire array Z-pinch implosions

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, A. Haboub, 2007 .

X pinch as a source for X-ray radiography

D. Sinars, D. Hammer, S. Lebedev, 2001 .

Monochromatic radiography of high energy density physics experiments on the MAGPIE generator.

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, S. Bland, 2014, The Review of scientific instruments.

Investigating radiatively driven, magnetized plasmas with a university scale pulsed-power generator

S. Rose, J. Chittenden, R. Mancini, 2022, Physics of Plasmas.

Structure of stagnated plasma in aluminum wire array Z pinches

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2006 .

Quasi-isentropic compression using compressed water flow generated by underwater electrical explosion of a wire array

R. Spielman, V. Gurovich, Y. Krasik, 2018 .

Generation of highly symmetric, cylindrically convergent shockwaves in water

N. Chaturvedi, Y. Krasik, S. Efimov, 2017 .

BOW SHOCK FRAGMENTATION DRIVEN BY A THERMAL INSTABILITY IN LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS EXPERIMENTS

Ny, Tx, L. Pickworth, 2015, 1509.06538.

Laboratory Astrophysics Experiments with Magnetically Driven Plasma Jets

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2014 .

Experimental study of shock waves from the interaction of a supersonic plasma jet with an ambient gas

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012 .

JET-AMBIENT INTERACTION OF A SUPERSONIC, RADIATIVELY-COOLED JET IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012 .

Optical Thomson scattering measurements of cylindrical wire array parametersa)

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012 .

Laboratory astrophysics experiments studying hydrodynamic and magnetically-driven plasma jets

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012 .

Experimental studies of supersonic radiatively cooled plasma jets

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012 .

Interaction of a Supersonic Plasma Jet With an Argon Ambient Using Laser Interferometry

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2011, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Laboratory simulations of astrophysical jets

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, A. Frank, 2010, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union.

EPISODIC MAGNETIC BUBBLES AND JETS: ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS FROM LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Astronomy, France., A. Harvey-Thompson, 2008, 0811.2736.

Production of radiatively cooled hypersonic plasma jets and links to astrophysical jets

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, E. Blackman, 2005 .

Modeling Magnetic Tower Jets in the Laboratory

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2005 .

Formation of Working Surfaces in Radiatively Cooled Laboratory Jets

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2005 .

Physics of wire array Z-pinch implosions: experiments at Imperial College

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, D. Hammer, 2005 .

Nested wire array Z-pinch experiments operating in the current transfer mode

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2003 .

Formation of episodic magnetically driven radiatively cooled plasma jets in the laboratory

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, T. Ray, 2009, 0904.0165.

Formation of Episodic Magnetically Driven Radiatively Cooled Plasma Jets in Laboratory Experiments

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, A. Frank, 2009 .

Dynamics of cylindrically converging precursor plasma flow in wire-array Z -pinch experiments.

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

A HED Laboratory Astrophysics Testbed Comes of Age: JET Deflection via Cross Winds

J. Chittenden, A. Frank, E. Blackman, 2005 .

MHD Models and Laboratory Experiments of Jets

J. Chittenden, T. Gardiner, E. Blackman, 2003 .

Measurement and modeling of the implosion of wire arrays with seeded instabilities

J. Chittenden, C. Garasi, T. Mehlhorn, 2005 .

Chemically etched modulation in wire radius for wire array Z-pinch perturbation studies

J. Mckenney, B. Jones, S. Lebedev, 2004 .

Experimental investigations of ablation stream interaction dynamics in tungsten wire arrays: Interpenetration, magnetic field advection, and ion deflection

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, W. Rozmus, 2016 .

Jet Deflection via Crosswinds: Laboratory Astrophysical Studies

J. Chittenden, E. Blackman, S. Lebedev, 2004, astro-ph/0402111.

Jet Deflection by a Quasi-Steady-State Side Wind in the Laboratory

J. Chittenden, A. Frank, E. Blackman, 2007 .

Laboratory Modeling of Standing Shocks and Radiatively Cooled Jets with Angular Momentum

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, A. Frank, 2007 .

Modeling of supersonic jet formation in conical wire array Z -pinches

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, S. Bland, 2002 .

Multiframe point-projection radiography imaging based on hybrid X-pinch.

I. N. Tilikin, S. Bland, S. Pikuz, 2021, The Review of scientific instruments.

Characteristics of a molybdenum X-pinch X-ray source as a probe source for X-ray diffraction studies.

S. Bland, J. Grunenwald, F. Zucchini, 2015, The Review of scientific instruments.

Use of spherically bent crystals to diagnose wire array z pinches

J. Chittenden, D. Hammer, S. Lebedev, 2004 .

X-ray backlighting of wire array Z-pinch implosions using X pinch

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, D. Hammer, 2001 .

Observations of the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability and shock dynamics in gas-puff Z-pinch experiments

D. Hammer, N. Qi, S. Bland, 2018, Physics of Plasmas.

A portable X-pinch design for x-ray diagnostics of warm dense matter

S. Bland, J. Halliday, G. Rowland, 2021, Matter and Radiation at Extremes.

Snowplow-like behavior in the implosion phase of wire array Z pinches

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2002 .

Shock model description of the interaction radiation pulse in nested wire array z-pinches

C. Jennings, M. Cuneo, D. Sinars, 2012 .

Use of linear wire array Z pinches to examine plasma dynamics in high magnetic fields

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2004 .

Azimuthal Structure and Global Instability in the Implosion Phase of Wire Array Z-Pinch Experiments

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 1998 .

The different dynamical modes of nested wire array Z pinches

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, M. Haines, 2001 .

Plasma Formation and Implosion Structure in Wire Array Z Pinches

J. Chittenden, A. Bell, S. Lebedev, 1999 .

Modifying Wire-Array Z-Pinch Ablation Structure and Implosion Dynamics Using Coiled Wires

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2009, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Modifying wire-array Z-pinch ablation structure and implosion dynamics using coiled arrays

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, S. Bland, 2008, 2008 IEEE 35th International Conference on Plasma Science.

The structure of bow shocks formed by the interaction of pulsed-power driven magnetised plasma flows with conducting obstacles

J. Chittenden, A. Frank, S. Lebedev, 2017 .

Oblique shock structures formed during the ablation phase of aluminium wire array z-pinches

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2013 .

Structure of the dense cores and ablation plasmas in the initiation phase of tungsten wire-array Z pinches

R. Mcbride, D. Hammer, S. Pikuz, 2007 .

Shock-less interactions of ablation streams in tungsten wire array z-pinches

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, S. Lebedev, 2013 .

Laboratory Astrophysics and Collimated Stellar Outflows: The Production of Radiatively Cooled Hypersonic Plasma Jets

J. Chittenden, A. Frank, S. Hughes, 2001, astro-ph/0108067.

Conical Wire Array Z-Pinches as a Tool to Explore the Physics of Wire Array Z-Pinches and for Radiation Pulse-Shaping

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2005 .

Uniformity of cylindrical imploding underwater shockwaves at very small radii

Y. Krasik, A. Rososhek, S. Bland, 2017 .

Magnetic tower outflows from a radial wire array Z-pinch

J. Chittenden, A. Frank, E. Blackman, 2005, astro-ph/0505027.

The Evolution of Magnetic Tower Jets in the Laboratory and in Astrophysics

Astronomy, UK Department of Physics, Usa, 2006, astro-ph/0611441.

Twinning and rotational deformation of nanocrystalline NiTi under shock loading

X. Zhang, N. Luo, C. Lv, 2020 .

Single-Shot X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Measurements of Ambient Aluminium Using a Portable X-Pinch Backlighter in Dispersive Geometry Show Affiliations

S. Bland, J. Halliday, J. Strucka, 2022, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS).

X-ray radiography of the overheating instability in underwater electrical explosions of wires

M. Olbinado, A. Rack, Y. Krasik, 2019, Physics of Plasmas.

Extreme-UV Self-Emission From Plasma-Focus Radial Wire Array

R. Mcbride, C. Jennings, M. Cuneo, 2011, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Hydrodynamic and magnetically driven jets on the MAGPIE generator

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2011, 2011 Abstracts IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science.

Experimental Studies of Magnetically Driven Plasma Jets

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, A. Marocchino, 2010, 1012.2271.

Formation of episodic magnetically driven radiatively cooled plasma jets in the laboratory

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, T. Ray, 2009, 0904.0165.

Quantitative analysis of plasma ablation using inverse wire array Z pinches

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, A. Marocchino, 2009 .

Radial foil Z-pinch experiments on the MAGPIE generator

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, S. Bland, 2008, 2008 IEEE 35th International Conference on Plasma Science.

Laboratory astrophysics: 2D and 3D numerical modeling of jets and flows produced in wire array experiments

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2004 .

Laboratory Modeling of Radiatively Cooled Jets Using Conical Wire Array Z-pinches

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, A. Frank, 2004 .

Mechanical response of near-equiatomic NiTi alloy at dynamic high pressure and strain rate

Cangli Liu, Jianheng Zhao, S. Bland, 2018 .

Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array z-pinches

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2002, 2002 14th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS).

Multi frame synchrotron radiography of pulsed power driven underwater single wire explosions

M. Olbinado, A. Rack, Y. Krasik, 2018, Journal of Applied Physics.

Suppression of the ablation phase in wire array Z pinches using a tailored current prepulse.

A. Harvey-Thompson, E. Waisman, J. Chittenden, 2011, Physical review letters.

Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array Z pinches

K. H. Kwek, A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, 2001 .

Evolution of X-pinch loads for pulsed power generators with current from 50 to 5000 kA

I. N. Tilikin, D. Hammer, S. Pikuz, 2018, Matter and Radiation at Extremes.

X-pinch X-ray emission on a portable low-current, fast rise-time generator

I. N. Tilikin, A. Georgakis, T. Shelkovenko, 2018, Journal of Applied Physics.

Peculiarities Of Planar Shockwave Interaction With Air-Water Interface And Solid Target

W. Proud, B. Lukić, Y. Krasik, 2022, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS).

One-, two-, and three-dimensional modeling of the different phases of wire array Z-pinch evolution

Farhat Beg, Malcolm G. Haines, Simon Nicholas Bland, 2001 .

Two- and three-dimensional modeling of the different phases of wire-array z -pinch evolution

S. Lebedev, M. Haines, S. Bland, 2001 .

Determination of the inductance of imploding wire array Z-pinches using measurements of load voltage

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, S. Lebedev, 2013 .

Preliminary opacity experiments in dense high Z plasmas on the magpie facility

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2011, 2011 Abstracts IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science.

Effect of Wire Diameter and Addition of an Axial Magnetic Field on the Dynamics of Radial Wire Array $Z$-Pinches

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, A. Marocchino, 2010, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Radiography of Modulated Wire Array $Z$-Pinches

B. Jones, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2007, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

The Formation of Precursor Structures in Cylindrical and “4 $\times$ 4” Wire Arrays

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, A. Marocchino, 2007, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Implosion dynamics of wire array Z-pinches: experiments at Imperial College

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2004 .

Characterisation of the Current Switch Mechanism in Two-stage Wire Array Z-pinches

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, E. Waisman, 2015 .

Cylindrical liner Z-pinch experiments for fusion research and high-energy-density physics

S. Lebedev, S. Bland, J. Hare, 2015 .

Stop layer: a flow braking mechanism in space and support from a lab experiment

J. Chittenden, G. Haerendel, S. Bland, 2016 .

Quantitative Measurements of Wire Ablation in Tungsten $X$-pinches at 80 kA

J. Chittenden, Y. Eshaq, S. Lebedev, 2008, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Probing local and electronic structure in Warm Dense Matter: single pulse synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy on shocked Fe

Olivier Mathon, Tommaso Vinci, Sakura Pascarelli, 2016, Scientific Reports.

High velocity outflows along the axis of pulsed power driven rod z-pinches

J. Chittenden, S. Bland, D. Yanuka, 2020 .

Refractive index and polarizability of polystyrene under shock compression

Cangli Liu, Jianheng Zhao, S. Bland, 2018, Journal of Materials Science.

Effect of Current Rise-time on the Formation of Precursor Structures and Mass Ablation Rate in Cylindrical Wire Array Z-Pinches

R. Mcbride, P. Knapp, J. Greenly, 2009 .

Diagnosing collisions of magnetized, high energy density plasma flows using a combination of collective Thomson scattering, Faraday rotation, and interferometry (invited).

K. H. Kwek, L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, 2014, The Review of scientific instruments.

Dynamics of mass transport and magnetic fields in low-wire-number-array Z pinches.

A. Haboub, V. Ivanov, C. Coverdale, 2006, Physical review letters.

Study of transparent and nontransparent regimes of implosion in star wire arrays

J. Chittenden, V. Ivanov, B. Jones, 2010 .

Use of Faraday probing to estimate current distribution in wire array z pinches

K. H. Kwek, A. Harvey-Thompson, S. Lebedev, 2006 .

The past, present, and future of Z pinches*

A. E. Dangor, Farhat Beg, Simon Nicholas Bland, 2000 .

Generation of episodic magnetically driven plasma jets in a radial foil Z-pinch

A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, A. Frank, 2010 .

Plasma Ablation and Precursor Column Formation in Wire-Array Z-Pinches

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2006 .

The dynamics of single and nested nickel wire array Z pinch implosions

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2002 .

The effect of array configuration on current distribution in a wire array Z-pinch

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, M. Haines, 2002, International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams.

The dynamics of wire array Z-pinch implosions

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 1999 .

The formation of reverse shocks in magnetized high energy density supersonic plasma flows

R. P. Drake, J. Chittenden, E. Blackman, 2013 .

Control of Plasma Flows and Radiated X-ray Pulse in Star Wire Arrays.

A. Haboub, R. Mancini, B. Jones, 2009 .

Study of three-dimensional structure in wire-array z pinches by controlled seeding of axial modulations in wire radius.

J. Chittenden, J. Mckenney, A. Robinson, 2005, Physical review letters.

Plasma formation and the implosion phase of wire array z -pinch experiments

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2001 .

Optical Thomson scattering measurements of plasma parameters in the ablation stage of wire array Z pinches.

L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, J. Chittenden, 2012, Physical Review Letters.

An Experimental Study of Magnetic Flux Penetration in Radiatively Driven Plasma Flows

J. Chittenden, S. Bland, R. Mancini, 2022, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS).

The effect of precursor plasma flow on foam targets in wire array z-pinch experiments

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2002, 2002 14th International Conference on High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS).

Effect of radial-electric-field polarity on wire-array Z-pinch dynamics.

J. Chittenden, J. Gomez, D. Hammer, 2005, Physical review letters.

Spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of an X pinch

H. L. Zhang, D. Hammer, S. Lebedev, 2001 .

PHYSICS OF WIRE-ARRAY Z-PINCH IMPLOSIONS

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2022 .

Supersonic radiatively cooled rotating flows and jets in the laboratory.

C. Jennings, J. Chittenden, E. Blackman, 2007, Physical review letters.

Radiography of Foam Targets in Wire-Array $Z$-Pinches

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, D. Ampleford, 2008, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

End-On laser interferometry of wire array z-pinch implosions on the MAGPIE generator

L. Pickworth, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2011, ICOPS 2012.

The effect of current prepulse on wire array Z-pinch implosions

A. Dangor, J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, 2002 .

Experiments with Al, Ni, Ti and W single and nested wire arrays on the MAGPIE generator

J. Chittenden, S. Lebedev, M. Haines, 2000 .

Wire Array Z‐pinches on Sphinx Machine: Experimental Results and Relevant Points of Microsecond Implosion Physics

F. Lassalle, A. Morell, Frederic Bayol, 2005 .

Interpenetration and deflection phenomena in collisions between supersonic, magnetized, tungsten plasma flows diagnosed using high resolution optical Thomson scattering

A. Harvey-Thompson, W. Rozmus, S. Lebedev, 2015 .

Ablation dynamics in coiled wire-array Z-pinches

R. Mcbride, P. Knapp, J. Greenly, 2013 .

A fibre based triature interferometer for measuring rapidly evolving, ablatively driven plasma densities.

S. Bland, J. Threadgold, J. MacDonald, 2015, The Review of scientific instruments.

Effect of wire number on x-pinch discharges

A. Dangor, I. Ross, S. Bland, 2006 .

Dynamics of Multiple-Wire X-Pinches

A. Dangor, S. Bland, F. Beg, 2008, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Observation of energetic protons trapped in laboratory magnetic-tower jets

A. Harvey-Thompson, S. Bland, R. Smith, 2013 .

A pulsed-power implementation of "Laser Gate" for increasing laser energy coupling and fusion yield in magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF).

R. Mcbride, S. Slutz, M. Gomez, 2020, The Review of scientific instruments.

2-kV Thyristor Triggered in Impact-Ionization Wave Mode by a Solid-State Spiral Generator

B. Novac, L. Pécastaing, S. Bland, 2022, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

Metal liner-driven quasi-isentropic compression of deuterium

J. Chittenden, S. Bland, M. Weinwurm, 2013 .

The production and evolution of multiple converging radiative shock waves in gas-filled cylindrical liner z-pinch experiments

R. P. Drake, L. Pickworth, A. Harvey-Thompson, 2013 .

Synchrotron based X-ray radiography of convergent shock waves driven by underwater electrical explosion of a cylindrical wire array

M. Olbinado, A. Rack, Y. Krasik, 2019, Journal of Applied Physics.

Plasma flows during the ablation stage of an over-massed pulsed-power-driven exploding planar wire array

J. Greenly, J. Chittenden, D. Hammer, 2023, Physics of Plasmas.

Bow shocks in ablated plasma streams for nested wire array z-pinches: A laboratory astrophysics testbed for radiatively cooled shocks

C. Jennings, M. Cuneo, J. Chittenden, 2010 .

Observations on the nucleation of ice VII in compressed water

D. Eakins, D. Chapman, S. Bland, 2017 .

Metal liner-driven cylindrically convergent isentropic compression of cryogenic deuterium

J. Chittenden, S. Bland, M. Weinwurm, 2014 .

Synchrotron radiography of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability driven by exploding wire arrays

J. Chittenden, B. Lukić, Y. Krasik, 2023, The Physics of Fluids.

Pulsed power driven cylindrical wire array explosions in different media

S. Bland, D. Yanuka, S. Theocharous, 2019 .

Use of synchrotron-based radiography to diagnose pulsed power driven wire explosion experiments.

M. Olbinado, Y. Krasik, A. Rososhek, 2019, The Review of scientific instruments.