J. Jie

发表

A Promising New Class of High-Temperature Alloys: Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys

Huijun Kang, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2014, Scientific Reports.

In situ infiltration behavior and interfacial microstructure evolution between Al and carbon fibers

Shichao Liu, Tongmin Wang, Zhongkai Guo, 2021 .

Effect of immersion Ni plating on interface microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu bimetal

Tingju Li, Z. Cao, Fei Chen, 2014 .

Investigation of elastic modulus and morphology of reinforcement phase on the stress distribution of copper matrix composites

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2021 .

Controllable 3D morphology and growth mechanism of quasicrystalline phase in directionally solidified Al–Mn–Be alloy

Yan-qing Su, Jingjie Guo, Huijun Kang, 2014 .

Separation of primary Si and impurity boron removal from Al-30%Si-10%Sn melt under a traveling magnetic field

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Jinlan Sun, 2016 .

Microstructure evolution of Al–Mg alloy during solidification under high pressure

Zunjie Wei, C. Zou, Hongwei Wang, 2010 .

A promising structure for fabricating high strength and high electrical conductivity copper alloys

G. Fan, Huijun Kang, Tongmin Wang, 2016, Scientific Reports.

Novel strategy for fabrication of field-emission Ti5Si3 nanowires via casting-extraction method

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2020 .

Structure and refinement performance of Al-5Ti-0.2C master alloy produced via an improved self propagating synthesis approach

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Yubo Zhang, 2017, Metals and Materials International.

Effect of Ni-based conversion coating and Ni–P electroless plating on the bonding process of pure Al and AZ31 alloy

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, Z. Cao, 2014 .

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–1Mn and Al–10Si alloy circular clad ingot prepared by direct chill casting

Jong-Ho Kim, Y. Fu, Tingju Li, 2013 .

Coherent precipitation and strengthening in a dual-phase AlNi2Co2Fe1.5Cr1.5 high-entropy alloy

C. Dong, Qing Wang, Yue Ma, 2019, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Effect of Sr addition on the characteristics of as-cast and rolled 3003/4004 clad aluminum

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Feng Mao, 2016 .

Crystal growth and morphology evolution of D88 (Mn, Fe)5Si3 phase and its influence on the mechanical and wear properties of brasses

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2017 .

Electromagnetic self-encapsulation strategy to develop Al-matrix composite phase change material for thermal energy storage

N. Han, Tingju Li, X. An, 2021 .

Morphological characteristics of triple junction region and process of the peritectic reaction during directional solidification of Cu–Ge alloys

Yan-qing Su, Jingjie Guo, L. Luo, 2012 .

Evolution Behavior of γ-DO3 Phase in Cu-15Ni-8Sn Alloy and the Corresponding Effects on Alloy Property

Zhongkai Guo, Deliang Zhang, J. Jie, 2021, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Formation Mechanism of Three-Layer Solidified Structure in Commercial Purity Al During Solidification With a Forced Flow Field Induced by Pulsed Magnetic Field

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Xianlong Wang, 2022, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.

Influence of casting speed on fabricating Al-1%Mn and Al-10%Si alloy clad slab

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Jianbo Sun, 2017 .

Characteristics of 2024/3003 aluminium alloys bimetal prepared by direct chill casting

X. Song, J. Jie, T. J. Li, 2014 .

Characteristics of clad aluminum hollow billet prepared by horizontal continuous casting

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, Yiping Lu, 2014 .

Investigation on the mechanical properties and frictional performance of Ni–Cu–Si alloy

Shichao Liu, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2020 .

Effect of aluminum addition on microstructure and properties of a novel nickel–silicon-containing brass

Z. Dong, Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, 2020, Journal of Materials Research.

Effect of pulsed magnetic field on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of 6063 aluminum alloy by direct chill casting

Lijuan Guo, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2017, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.

Effect of pulsed magnetic field on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of 6063 aluminum alloy by direct chill casting

Shichao Liu, Lijuan Guo, Tingju Li, 2017 .

Grain refinement of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys with B

G. Fan, Huijun Kang, Tongmin Wang, 2016 .

Grain Refinement of Pure Al by Inoculation and Rotating Magnetic Field

S. Li, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2015 .

Effect of rotating magnetic field on the fading effect of Al–5Ti–1B in commercial pure Al

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Han Chen, 2014 .

Corrosion Behavior of New Tin-Brass Alloys with Slightly Different Zn Content in Salt Spray Environment

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2015 .

Electrochemical and Salt Spray Corrosion Behavior of Copper Alloy Contact Wires in Chloride Solution

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Yong Dong, 2014 .

Novel insight into dry sliding behavior of Cu-Pb-Sn in-situ composite with secondary phase in different morphology

Z. Dong, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2020 .

Effect of Sn addition on morphology evolution of secondary phase in hypomonotectic Cu-Pb-Sn alloy during solidification

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, Y. Chen, 2019, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Solidification structure evolution of immiscible Al–Bi–Sn alloys at different cooling rates

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2019, Journal of Materials Research.

Interfacial phase formation of Al-Cu bimetal by solid-liquid casting method

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2017 .

Designing ultrastrong maraging stainless steels with improved uniform plastic strain via controlled precipitation of coherent nanoparticles

C. Dong, T. Nieh, B. Niu, 2021 .

Effects of Zr on microstructural evolution and mechanical property of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Y. Fu, 2022, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Effect of V addition on microstructures and mechanical properties of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy

Shichao Liu, Tongmin Wang, Zhongkai Guo, 2019, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Study of the mechanical, structural, and electrical properties and annealing effect of a Cu–30Zn–1Ni–0.2Si alloy fabricated using cryogenic rolling

Pengfei Wang, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2019, Materials Research Express.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu-3Ag-xZr alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, 2021, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Microstructure Characteristics and Deformation Behavior of Tin Bronze/1010 Steel Bimetal Layered Composite by Continuous Solid/Liquid Bonding

J. Jie, B. Dong, Xianlong Wang, 2022, SSRN Electronic Journal.

Growth mechanism of primary Ti5Si3 phases in special brasses and their effect on wear resistance

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2021 .

Effect of Amorphous Layer on the Microstructure and Properties of Al-B4C Layered Composite

P. Inácio, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2019, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology.

Microstructure and refinement performance of Al-Ti-C master alloy: Effect of excess Ti on the growth and nucleating ability of TiC particles

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Yubo Zhang, 2017, Metals and Materials International.

Influence of Magnetic Field on the Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Ag-Zr Alloy

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Hang Li, 2015 .

Fabrication of carbon fibers reinforced Al-matrix composites in pulsed magnetic field

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, Yiping Lu, 2021 .

Electromagnetic construction and mechanical properties of in-situ Si reinforced Al matrix functionally graded material with Si-rich◎Si-poor coating structure

X. An, J. Jie, Ning Han, 2021, Composites Part B: Engineering.

Microstructure evolution and modification mechanism of the ytterbium modified Al-7.5%Si-0.45%Mg alloys

Hongwei Wang, Zunjie Wei, Hongwei Wang, 2011 .

Enhancement of fiber–matrix adhesion in carbon fiber reinforced Al-matrix composites with an optimized electroless plating process

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Y. Fu, 2021 .

Directly cast bulk eutectic and near-eutectic high entropy alloys with balanced strength and ductility in a wide temperature range

Sheng Guo, Zhiqiang Cao, Yiping Lu, 2017 .

Novel insight into precipitation behavior of γ’ phase particles in Cu–15Ni-xAl alloys through Calphad method

Z. Dong, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2020 .

Microstructure evolution and precipitation of SiC particle reinforced Al–20Si composite solidified under high pressures

P. Ma, Zunjie Wei, C. Zou, 2012 .

A new concept of Al-Si alloy with core-shell structure as phase change materials for thermal energy storage

N. Han, Zhangfeng Shen, Tingju Li, 2019, Materials Letters.

Controlling Segregation Behavior of Primary Si in Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy by Electromagnetic Stirring

N. Han, Chengzhuo Sun, X. An, 2020, Metals.

Enhancing Segregation Behavior of Impurity by Electromagnetic Stirring in the Solidification Process of Al-30Si Alloy

N. Han, X. An, Fan Xu, 2020 .

Effect of Sn addition on the separation and purification of primary Si from solidification of Al-30Si melt under electromagnetic stirring

Shichao Liu, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2017 .

Effect of Si content on separation and purification of the primary Si phase from hypereutectic Al–Si alloy using rotating magnetic field

T. Wang, Z. Cao, J. Jie, 2015 .

Separation mechanism of the primary Si phase from the hypereutectic Al–Si alloy using a rotating magnetic field during solidification

Tongmin Wang, J. L. Sun, Tingju Li, 2014 .

The influence of Ti: Si3N4 ratio on the microstructure evolution of Ti–Si3N4 reaction in Cu melts

H. Ding, J. Jie, Jinfeng Wang, 2022, Ceramics International.

Influence on TiC microstructure from different synthesis processes in the Cu–Ti–SiC system

H. Ding, J. Jie, Chen Wang, 2022, Ceramics International.

A CALPHAD-MD coupled method to reveal the strengthening mechanism in precipitation-strengthening Cu-Ni-Al alloy with evolving microstructures

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Zhenpeng Wu, 2023, International Journal of Plasticity.

Strengthening and High-Temperature Softening Resistance of Low Si-Added Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy for Fusion Reactor Application

Zhongkai Guo, Z. Cao, J. Jie, 2022, SSRN Electronic Journal.

Effect of two-step cryorolling and aging on mechanical and electrical properties of a Cu–Cr–Ni–Si alloy for lead frames applications

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2020 .

Effect of cold rolling on aging precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, 2020 .

Precipitate phase transformation behavior, microstructure, and properties of Cu–Cr–Co–Si alloy

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2020, Journal of Materials Research.

The microstructures and properties of diamond reinforced Cu–Ni–Si–Ti alloys

C. Zhang, H. Ding, X. Xu, 2023, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

An effective method to obtain Cu-35Zn alloy with a good combination of strength and ductility through cryogenic rolling

Chenbin Liu, Lijuan Guo, Tingju Li, 2018 .

Suppression of discontinuous precipitation in age-hardening Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy by addition of V

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, 2020 .

Effects of Co and Si additions and cryogenic rolling on structure and properties of Cu–Cr alloys

Pengfei Wang, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2019, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Revealing trace Si effect on precipitation behavior and properties of Cu-Cr-Zr alloy: Experiments and first-principles calculations

Z. Ren, J. Jie, B. Dong, 2022, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Effect of Ti Element on Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Cr Alloy

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2015 .

Microstructure evolution and magnetic properties of metastable immiscible Cu-Fe alloy with micro-alloying B element

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, Yong Dong, 2021 .

Novel insight into evolution mechanism of second liquid-liquid phase separation in metastable immiscible Cu-Fe alloy

Shichao Liu, Tongmin Wang, Zhongkai Guo, 2018, Materials & Design.

Unveiling the mechanisms for Si addition on solidification microstructure and properties of Cu-Fe alloy

Tingju Li, Yong Dong, Songsong Xu, 2023, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

A comprehensive investigation on microstructure and magnetic properties of immiscible Cu-Fe alloys with variation of Fe content

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, 2019 .

Solidification Characteristics and Segregation Behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn Alloy

Shichao Liu, Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, 2020, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.

Effect of rotating magnetic field on the microstructure and properties of Cu–Ag–Zr alloy

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2015 .

Three-Layer Al/Al–B4C Composite Material Prepared by Casting and Hot Rolling

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Yingshui Yu, 2015, Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics.

Fabrication of W-20Cu composite with optimization of particle packing in PM route

Meng Li, J. Jie, Qingchuan Zou, 2022, Journal of Materials Research and Technology.

An efficient method to purify metallurgical grade Si by electromagnetic semi-continuous casting of Al-30Si melt

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2016 .

Separation and purification of Si from solidification of hypereutectic Al-Si melt under rotating magnetic field

Tongmin Wang, J. L. Sun, Tingju Li, 2014 .

Si Purity Control and Separation from Solidification of Al–30Si Melt under Pulse Electromagnetic Field

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Jinlan Sun, 2015 .

Boron removal from molten silicon using CaO–SiO2–BaO–CaF2 slag

Tongmin Wang, Lijuan Guo, Tingju Li, 2016 .

Effects of AlB2/AlP phase and electromagnetic stirring on impurity B/P removal in the solidification process of Al-30Si alloy

N. Han, Zhangfeng Shen, Tingju Li, 2018, Separation and Purification Technology.

Separation of primary Si and impurity boron removal from Al-30%Si-10%Sn melt under a traveling magnetic field

J. Jie, Jinlan Sun, Q. Zou, 2016, China Foundry.

Preparation and properties of TiB2 particles reinforced Cu–Cr matrix composite

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2015 .

Microstructure and properties of TiB2 particles reinforced Cu–Cr matrix composite

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2015, Journal of Materials Science.

First-principles study of hydrogen incorporation into the MAX phase Ti3AlC2

H. Ding, J. Jie, Xiaoliang Fan, 2016 .

Microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al–Mg alloy solidified under high pressures

E. Brosh, Zunjie Wei, C. Zou, 2013 .

A comprehensive investigation of carbon micro-alloying on microstructure evolution and properties of metastable immiscible Cu-Fe alloy

Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2022, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Study on the Formation and Precipitation Mechanism of Mn5Si3 Phase in the MBA-2 Brass Alloy

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2016, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.

Influence of thermal rate treatment and low temperature pouring on microstructure and tensile properties of AlSi7Mg alloy

Zunjie Wei, Hongwei Wang, J. Jie, 2011 .

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the formation of iron-containing intermetallic compounds in Al-12%Si-2%Fe alloys

Tingju Li, Yiping Lu, J. Jie, 2013 .

Revealing the Mechanisms for the Nucleation and Formation of Equiaxed Grains in Commercial Purity Aluminum by Fluid-Solid Coupling Induced by a Pulsed Magnetic Field

E. Guo, J. Jie, S. Yue, 2020, Acta Materialia.

Grain refinement of pure aluminum by direct current pulsed magnetic field and inoculation

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2014 .

Preparation of heavy-section ductile iron with improved mechanical properties through quenching and tempering

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Lifen Tong, 2020, International Journal of Materials Research.

Investigation of Si content on the grain refinement of Al-Si alloy under pulsed magnetic field

J. Jie, S. Yue, T.J. Li, 2018, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

A novel technology in microstructure design and production of environment-friendly Cu-Bi bearing alloy with guidance of CALPHAD in order to replace toxic Cu-Pb bearing alloy

Shichao Liu, Pengfei Wang, J. Jie, 2021, Journal of Materials Research and Technology.

Microstructure and Fabrication of Cu-Pb-Sn/Q235 Laminated Composite by Semi-Solid Rolling

Tongmin Wang, Y. Fu, Tingju Li, 2018, Metals.

Fabrication of Cu-24Pb-2Sn/C10 laminar composite by solid-liquid continuous casting compositing

Z. Dong, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2020, Materials Letters.

Novel insight into mechanism of secondary phase's morphology evolution in hypomonotectic Cu-Pb-Sn alloy during solidification

Z. Dong, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2019, Journal of Molecular Liquids.

Microstructure and properties of Al-Si alloys under intermediate frequency electromagnetic field

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2018, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-8 pct Si Alloy Prepared by Direct Chill Casting Under Electromagnetic and Ultrasonic Fields

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, Yiping Lu, 2014, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.

A surface energy driven dissolution model for immiscible Cu-Fe alloy

Pengfei Wang, Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, 2018, Journal of Molecular Liquids.

Characterisation of steel/nickel bronze clad strips prepared by continuous solid/liquid bonding method

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, Chengbin Liu, 2019, Materials Science and Technology.

CALPHAD-guided optimization of the microstructure of Sn–Sb–Cu bearing alloys

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Zhenpeng Wu, 2022, Materials Chemistry and Physics.

Tensile behavior of a bi-layered bronze/steel sheet: Synergetic effects of microstructure and residual stress

G. Fan, Kesong Miao, Yuyuan Zhao, 2022, Materials Characterization.

Solidification microstructure evolution and its corresponding mechanism of metastable immiscible Cu80Fe20 alloy with different cooling conditions

Shichao Liu, Tongmin Wang, Zhongkai Guo, 2018 .

3D Morphology and Formation Process of the Icosahedral Quasicrystalline Phase in Rapidly Solidified Al–Mn Alloy

Jingjie Guo, Huijun Kang, Zongning Chen, 2016, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters).

Wear behavior of high strength and high conductivity Cu alloys under dry sliding

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2015 .

Revealing the Relationship Between Morphology of Pb-Rich Secondary Phases and Mechanical Properties of Laminated Cu–Pb–Sn/Steel Composite Through CALPHAD and FEA

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2022, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.

Influence of Precipitation Hardening on the Sliding Wear Behavior of a Cu-Zn-Al-Mn-Si Based Brass Alloy

Tingju Li, J. Jie, S. Liu, 2017 .

Precipitation in Al–Mg solid solution prepared by solidification under high pressure

Zunjie Wei, C. Zou, Tingju Li, 2014 .

Thermal stability of Al–Mg alloys after solidification under high pressures

Zunjie Wei, C. Zou, Tingju Li, 2014 .

Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructures, mechanical, and wear properties of a manganese brass alloy

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Hang Li, 2016 .

Effects of rotating magnetic and ultrasonic fields on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-8 wt.%Si alloy

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Han Chen, 2014 .

Overflowing phenomenon during ultrasonic treatment in Al−Si alloys

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, D. Zhong, 2013 .

Wear Behavior of Ductile Iron Wheel Material Used for Rail-Transit Vehicles under Dry Sliding Conditions

Tingju Li, J. Jie, Lifen Tong, 2020, Materials.

Investigation of the Wear Behavior of High Strength and High Conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy under Dry Sliding

J. Jie, Jian Zhang, Tongmin Wang, 2015 .

Influence of carbon vacancies on the adsorption of Au on TiC(001): a first-principles study

Xin-chun Zhang, H. Ding, J. Jie, 2016, Journal of Materials Science.

Influence of cold deformation and Ti element on the microstructure and properties of Cu–Cr system alloys

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Pengchao Zhang, 2015 .

Effect of rotating magnetic field and manganese on the formation of iron-containing intermetallic compounds in Al-Si alloy

J. Jie, Yumeng Zhang, Tianyi Li, 2015 .

Effect of defect strengthening on the mechanical properties of a novel Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloy

J. Jie, Junjia Zhang, S. Liu, 2023, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Effect of B addition on microstructures and properties of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy

Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, Songsong Xu, 2023, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

Microstructure Evolution of Cu-15Ni-8Sn Alloy Prepared by Vertical Semi-continuous Casting with EMS

Zhongkai Guo, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2018, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

Optimization of microstructure and properties of as-cast various Si containing Cu–Cr–Zr alloy by experiments and first-principles calculation

J. Jie, B. Dong, S. Yue, 2021, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Preparation and characterisation of tin bronze/steel composites by solid–liquid bonding with vibration

H. Ding, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2023, Materials Science and Technology.

Microstructure and properties of TiC–Ti5Si3 reinforced copper matrix composites

H. Ding, J. Jie, Chen Wang, 2023, Ceramics International.

Synergetic strengthening of heterogeneous interface far beyond rule of mixture in Cu/1010 steel bimetal laminar composite

Jia Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2022, Materials Science and Engineering: A.

Microstructure evolution of 3003/4004 clad ingots under diverse physical fields

Y. Fu, Tingju Li, D. Zhong, 2013 .

Characteristics of copper-clad aluminum rods prepared by horizontal continuous casting

Tongmin Wang, Y. Fu, Tingju Li, 2017, Metals and Materials International.

Effects of yttrium and heat treatment on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al–7.5Si–0.5Mg alloy

Zunjie Wei, Hongwei Wang, J. Jie, 2011 .

Effect of Mo and Ni elements on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the CoFeNixVMoy high entropy alloys

Tongmin Wang, Tingju Li, Z. Cao, 2015 .

Deformation behavior and mechanical properties of rolled carbon fiber reinforced Al-matrix composites via protection with Sn layer

J. Jie, Da-lin Wu, Qingchuan Zou, 2023, Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

Preparation of High-Nitrogen Ductile Iron by Injecting Nitrogen Gas in Molten Iron

Shichao Liu, Tingju Li, J. Jie, 2020, Materials.