B. Douglas

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Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry

D. Mcdaniel, B. Douglas, 1965 .

Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra Geometrical Isomers of Cobalt(III) Complexes with Diethylenetriamine and Iminodiacetate Ion

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1976 .

CARBON-13 AND PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF VARIOUS COMPLEXES OF COBALT(III) WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINE-N, N′-DIACETATE-N, N′-DI-3-PROPIONATE

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, 1975 .

The favored trans(O6) geometry in hexadentate copper(II) complexes of 1,3-propanediamine-N,N′-diacetic-N,N′-di-3-propionic acid. Crystal structure of trans(O6)-Na2[Cu(1,3-pddadp)]·NaNO3·2H2O. Strain analysis and spectral assignments of complexes

Z. Matovic, B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1997 .

Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids

B. Douglas, S. Ho, 2006 .

Some hexadentate Ni(II)-edta-type complexes containing five-membered diamine rings. The molecular and crystal structure of the trans(O5) isomer of barium(ethylenediamine)-N,N′-diacetato-N,N′-di-3-propionato_)nicklate(II) hexahydrate, trans(O5)-Ba[Ni(eddadp)]·6H2O, and strain analysis of edta-type ch

Z. Matovic, B. Douglas, G. Pelosi, 1998 .

The crystal structure of potassium trans(O6)-1,3-propanediamine-N,N'-diacetato-N,N'-di-3-propionatocobaltate(III) trihydrate and consideration of ring strain, Ktrans(O6)-[Co(1,3-pddadp)] · 3H2O

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Parvez, 1996 .

Crystal structures and absolute configurations of (+)589-Li[Co(edtp)]·3H2O and (+)589-Li[Cr(edtp)]·3H2O complexes of ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-3-propionate ion and correlations with circular dichroism spectra

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1991 .

Diamine-N,N′-diacetatochromate(III) complexes with oxalate and malonate anions. Crystal structure of (−)589-[Co(en)2(C2O4)](−)546-[Cr(1,3-pdda)(mal)]·H2O

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, S. Trifunović, 1989 .

Formation Constants of Metal Complexes of Tropolone and Its Derivatives. I. Tropolone1

W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, B. E. Bryant, 1953 .

Formation Constants of some Metal-Tropolone Complexes

W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, B. E. Bryant, 1952, Nature.

Stereochemistry of Optically Active Transition Metal Compounds

B. Douglas, Yoshihiko Saito, 1980 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF 1,3-PROPANEDIAMINETETRAACETATORHODATE(III) ION

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1982 .

Circular dichroism and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of some phenyl-substituted ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate analogs

B. Douglas, C. A. Chang, Gary G. Hawn, 1979 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF SOME COBALT(III) COMPLEXES WITH 2,2′-DIAMINOBIPHENYL AND R-6,6′-DIMETHYL-2,2′-DIAMINOBIPHENYL

B. Douglas, W. T. Jordan, Ching-Yü Lin, 1973 .

STUDIES ON COORDINATION COMPOUNDS. IV. A COMPARISON OF THE CHELATING TENDENCIES OF BETA-DIKETONES WITH DIVALENT METALS

L. G. Uitert, W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, 1953 .

Synthesis and characterization of hexadentate cobalt(III) complexes with new edta-type ligands Part 3. Circular dichroism of cobalt(III) complexes of ethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetic-N′-3-propionic acid and ethylenediamine-N,N,-diacetic-N′,N′-di-3-propionic acid

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1993 .

Magnetic circular dichroism and electronic structure of square-planar nickel(II) complexes

B. Douglas, Q. Looney, 1970 .

Proton and carbon-13 NMR studies of cis-eq- and trans-eq-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetatocobalt(III) and cis-eq-N-methylethylenediamine-N,N,′N′-triacetatocobaltate(III). Crystal structure of NH4cis-eq-[Co(ed3a)CN]

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, S. Trifunović, 1988 .

Equilibrium Constants for the Formation of Complexes between Metal Ions and Amines Containing Sulfur1,2

W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, E. Gonick, 1954 .

Crystal structure determination and strain analysis of cobalt(III) and copper(II)complexes of hexadentate and tetradentate ligands containing pyridyl arms

B. Douglas, Jeffrey B. Mandel, 1989 .

THE UTILITY OF HEXAAMINES FOR TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS1

B. Douglas, R. Hermer, 1977 .

The near ultraviolet spectra of some o-hydroxy aromatic Schiff bases—I. Comparison with the protonated and anionic forms☆

B. Douglas, K. Chatterjee, 1965 .

A General Method for Relating the Absolute Configurations of Octahedral Chelate Complexes1

B. Douglas, J. I. Legg, 1966 .

Resolution of the tris(malonato)cobaltate(III) ion (1)

B. Douglas, R. L. Russell, 1973 .

Inorganic Complex Compounds Containing Polydentate Groups. II. The Complexes Formed between Triethylenetetramine and the Nickel (II) Ion

B. Douglas, H. B. Jonassen, 1949 .

Electronic and circular dichroism spectra of polynuclear 2-aminoethanethiol complexes

B. Douglas, G. R. Brubaker, 1967 .

Circular Dichroism of Coordination Compounds. IV. Some Metal Complexes with Dithiooxalic Acid

J. Hidaka, B. Douglas, 1964 .

Synthesis of a Macrocycle by Application of the Wittig Reaction

B. Douglas, C. E. Griffin, K. R. Martin, 1962 .

CARBON‐13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AS A MEANS OF INVESTIGATION OF INORGANIC STEREOCHEMISTRY. COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF TRIMETHYLENEDIAMINE‐N,N′‐DIACETATE AND ETHYLENEDIAMINE‐N,N′‐DIACETATE IONS

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1976 .

Circular dichroism of some optically active rhodium-diamine complexes

S. Hall, B. Douglas, 1968 .

Conformational ordering effects in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the tris-ethylenediamine complexes of cobalt(III) and rhodium(III)

B. Douglas, L. R. Froebe, 1970 .

Coordination chemistry of hexadentate EDTA-type ligands with M(III) ions

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1993 .

Some Conformational Effects of Chelate Rings

B. Douglas, 1969 .

A MODEL FOR THE ION-PAIRS OF TRIS(TRIMETHYLENEDIAMINE)COBALT(III) WITH POLYOXYANIONS. THE ORIGINS OF THE CIRCULAR DICHROISM CHANGES

B. Douglas, R. Hermer, 1977 .

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of cobalt(III) and copper(II) complexes of hexadentate and tetradentate ligands containing pyridyl arms

B. Douglas, C. Maricondi, Jeffrey B. Mandel, 1988 .

Circular Dichroism of Coordination Compounds. II. Some Metal Complexes of 2,2'-Dipyridyl and 1,10-Phenanthroline

J. Hidaka, B. Douglas, 1964 .

Synthesis and characterization of hexadentate cobalt(III) complexes with new edta-type ligands. Part 4. Circular dichroism of the trans(O5O6) isomer of a cobalt(III) complex of 1,3-propanediamine-N, N, N′-triacetic-N′-3-propionic acid

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, S. Trifunović, 1994 .

Synthesis and characterization of hexadentate cobalt(III) complexes with novel edta-type ligands Part 2. Circular dichroism of the trans(O5O6) and trans(O6) isomers of a cobalt(III) complex of 1,3-propanediamine-N,N′-diacetic-N,N′-di-3-propionic acid

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, S. Trifunović, 1992 .

Circular dichroism of chromium(III) hexadentate edta-type complexes Part III. Ethylenediamine-N-acetato-N,N′,N′-tri-3-propionatochromate(III) ion

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1991 .

Circular dichroism of chromium(III) hexadentate edta-type complexes. Part II. Ethylenediaminetetra-3-propionatochromate(III) ion

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1988 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE CIS-[CoN2O4]

B. Douglas, K. Igi, Bernard J. Brennan, 1974 .

Circular dichroism of trans(O)-N4O2 type cobalt complexes

B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1974 .

Circular dichroism of uns-cis-trimethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid cobalt(III) complexes with a carbonate, oxalato, or malonate anion

B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1974 .

CHARACTERIZATION OF CIS- AND TRANS-DINITROBIS-(l-CYCLOHEXANEDIAMINE)-COBALT(III) CHLORIDE1

B. Douglas, Bernard J. Brennan, 1972 .

THE CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF THE TRIS[DI-μ-HYDROXO-BIS-(PROPYLENEDIAMINE)COBALT(III)COBALT(III) ION

I. Masuda, B. Douglas, 1972 .

Studies on Coördination Compounds. III. The Chelating Tendencies of β-Diketones with the Chlorides of Copper(II), Nickel and Barium in Water—Dioxane Solutions

L. G. Uitert, W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, 1953 .

Equilibrium Constants for the Formation of Complexes between Metal Ions and Polyamines1,2

W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, G. B. Hares, 1956 .

Studies on Coordination Compounds. VI. Measurements of Chelation in Ethanol Solution1

L. G. Uitert, W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, 1953 .

Relative Stabilities of Metal Derivatives of oo‘-Dihydroxyazo Dyes

W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, F. A. Snavely, 2008 .

Dianionobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Complexes

J. M. Preston, J. Springborg, B. Douglas, 2007 .

Copper Complexes of o-Hydroxy Schiff Bases and the Hydrolysis of the Schiff Bases

B. Douglas, N. Farrier, K. Chatterjee, 1963 .

A CARBON-13 NMR STUDY OF POLAR-(NITRO)TRIMETHYLENEDIAMINE-N,N,N′-TRIACETATOCOBALTATE(III) ION

B. Douglas, C. A. Chang, 1980 .

The Coordinating Tendencies of Some Carboxylic Acids Containing Olefinic Linkages

B. Douglas, R. K. Resnik, 1963 .

Circular dichroism of a second geometrical isomer of ethylenediamine-N,N'diacetato-N,N'-di-3-propionatocobaltate(III) ion

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1975 .

Studies of the Hydration of Metal Acetylacetonates

B. Douglas, P. Hopkins, 1964 .

Circular dichroism of some less strained model compounds for the ethylenediaminetetraacetatocobaltate(III) ion

B. Douglas, Carolyn W. Van Saun, 1969 .

Studies on Coördination Compounds. II. The Dissociation Constants of β-Diketones in Water—Dioxane Solutions1

L. G. Uitert, W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, 1953 .

STUDIES ON COORDINATION COMPOUNDS. V THE EFFECTS OF SALT ANION AND OF SOLVENT UPON THE CHELATION OF BETA-DIKETONES

L. G. Uitert, W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, 1953 .

Configurational and Vicinal Contributions to the Optical Activity of the Isomers of Tris(alaninato)cobalt(III)

B. Douglas, S. Yamada, 1965 .

Trigonal splitting of tris(diamine)cobalt(III) complexes. An application of natural and magnetic circular dichroism

B. Douglas, R. L. Russell, 1969 .

LAMMA mass spectra of β‐diketone, bis(benzoylacetone)ethylenediimine and bis(salicylidene)ethylenediimine complexes of some transition metals

B. Douglas, K. Rohly, John S. Heffren, 1984 .

Circular dichroism studies of some cobalt(III) complexes which contain phenyl-substituted ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate analogs

B. Douglas, C. Maricondi, Gary G. Hawn, 1979 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF CHROMIUM(III) SEXADENTATE EDTA-TYPE COMPLEXES, PART I (S, S)-Ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinatochromate(III) and Ethylenediamine-N, N '-Diacetato-N, N'-Di-3-Propionatochromate(III) Ions

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1975 .

Identification and characterization of the trans(O5) and trans(O5O6) isomers of hexadentate rhodium(III) complex of 1,3-propanediamine-N,N′-diacetic-N,N′-di-3-propionic acid

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1993 .

Structure and absolute configuration of the (-)D isomer of lithium ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetato-N,N'-di-3-propionatochromate(III) pentahydrate, (-)D-Li[Cr(EDDDA)].5H2O

W. Watson, B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1977 .

Circular dichroism of a cobalt(III) complex of ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic-N,N'-di-3-propionic acid

B. Douglas, W. Byers, 1972 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF SOME COBALT(III) COMPLEXES WHICH CONTAIN PHENYL-SUBSTITUTED ETHYLENEDIAMINE-N,N′-DIACETATE ANALOGS

B. Douglas, C. Maricondi, Gary G. Hawn, 1979 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM AND ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION OF RHODIUM(III) EDTA-TYPE COMPLEXES: Ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetato-N,N′-di-3-propionatorhodate(III) and (S,S)-Ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinatorhodate(III) Ions

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1980 .

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME RHODIUM(III) COMPLEXES CONTAINING EDDDA AND 1,3-PDTA LIGANDS

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, D. Radanović, 1978 .

Circular Dichroism of Coordination Compounds. I. Splitting Patterns for Potassium Ethylenediaminetetraacetatocobaltate(III) and Model Compounds

B. Douglas, R. A. Haines, J. Brushmiller, 1963 .

Cobalt(III) complexes of 1,3-propanediamine-N,N'-diacetic-N,N'-di-3-propionic acid and 1,3-propanediamine-N-3-propionic-N,N',N'-triacetic acid

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, S. Trifunović, 1988 .

Synthesis and characterization of hexadentate cobalt(III) complexes with novel edta-type ligands. 1. Circular dichroism of a cobalt(III) complex of ethylenediamine-N-acetic-N,N',N'-tri-3-propionic acid

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1988 .

Circular dichroism of (ethylenediaminetetrapropionato)rhodate(III) ion

B. Douglas, D. Radanović, M. Djuran, 1985 .

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance as a means of investigation of inorganic stereochemistry. Cobalt(III) complexes of trimethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate and ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetate ions

K. D. Gailey, B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1975 .

Circular dichroism of diamine-uns-cis trimethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetatocobalt(III) complexes

B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1974 .

STEREOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF SEXIDENTATE AMINOPOLYACIDS USING CARBON-13 CHEMICAL SHIFTS

B. Douglas, C. A. Chang, 1979 .

KALIUM-AETHYLENDIAMIN-N,N′-DIACETATO-N′,N′-DI-3-PROPIONATO-COBALTAT(III)-DIHYDRAT

B. Douglas, W. Byers, 1972 .

STABILITIES OF COMPLEX FORMATION BETWEEN TRIETHYLENETETRAAMINE-N 2, N 3-DIACETIC ACID AND SOME TRANSITION METAL IONS

B. Douglas, C. Chang, 1981 .

Circular dichroism of trans-N,N'-ethylenediaminediacetic acid cobalt(III) complexes

B. Douglas, J. I. Legg, D. Cooke, 1967 .

Circular Dichroism of Coordination Compounds. III. Cobalt(III) Complexes of Optically Active Amino Acids

B. Douglas, Chong Liu, 1964 .

Circular dichroism of some bis(diamine) complexes of cobalt(III) and new procedures for resolving oxalatobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ion and ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetatocobaltate(III) ion

B. Douglas, William T. Jordon, L. R. Froebe, 1973 .

Synthesis of N-substituted (ethylenediaminetriacetato)(thiocyanato)cobaltate(III) complexes and structural characterization by proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

B. Douglas, C. Maricondi, K. Rohly, 1986 .

Conformational isomers of β-triethylenetetraamine-amino acid complexes of cobalt(III)

B. Douglas, Ching-Yü Lin, 1970 .

SOME COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF S-AZETIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID

B. Douglas, Ching-Yü Lin, 1972 .

Some amino acid cobalt(III) complexes containing tetradentate macrocyclic amine ligands

B. Douglas, J. Cragel, 1974 .

Polarography of Some Cadmium Complexes1

H. Laitinen, B. Douglas, J. Bailar, 1950 .

Circular dichroism of some ethylenediaminetriacetate complexes of cobalt(III)

B. Douglas, Carolyn W. Van Saun, 1968 .

Circular dichroism studies of cobalt(III) complexes of the type -[CoN4O2](1)

B. Douglas, M. P. Granchi, 1978 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE TRANS-(O)-(CON4O2)

B. Douglas, Michael P. Granchi, 1978 .

Circular dichroism of pentaamminecobalt(III) complexes containing an optically active ligand (1)

B. Douglas, G. Dellenbaugh, 1973 .

Characterization of the three isomers of sodium bis(L-aspartato)cobaltate(III)

J. Hidaka, B. Douglas, S. Yamada, 1971 .

Amino acid complexes of the type [Co(aa)2dipy]X and [Co(aa)2phen]X

B. Douglas, T. Yasui, 1971 .

Circular dichrosim of some complexes of the type Co(en)2aa2+ containing optically active .alpha.-amino acids

S. Hall, B. Douglas, 1969 .

Preparation and absolute configuration of mixed-ligand cobalt(III) complexes containing acetylacetonate ion and α-diimines

B. Douglas, Kazuo Konya, 1974 .

FORMATION CONSTANTS OF METAL COMPLEXES OF TROPOLONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES: I. TROPOLONE. II. SIMPLE SUBSTITUTION PRODUCTS OF TROPOLONE

W. Fernelius, B. Douglas, B. E. Bryant, 1952 .

CARBON-13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF ETHYLENEDIAMINE-N,N′,N′-TRIACETATE TYPE LIGANDS

B. Douglas, D. E. Bause, C. A. Chang, 1979 .

Circular dichroism of some complexes of cobalt(III) with ethylenediaminediacetate and related ligands

B. Douglas, W. T. Jordan, 1973 .

Importance of asymmetric nitrogens to the circular dichroism of alkyl-substituted ethylenediaminediacetic acid complexes of cobalt(III)

B. Douglas, Carolyn W. Maricondi, 1972 .

Circular dichroism of cobalt(III) complexes with ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid and a carbonate, oxalate, or malonate anion

B. Douglas, Carolyn W. Van Saun, 1969 .

Configurational and Vicinal Contributions to the Optical Activity of Tris(l-propylenediamine)cobalt(III) Ion

B. Douglas, 1965 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDY OF SOME BICYCLIC 1,3-DIKETONE IRON(III) AND COPPER(II) COMPLEXES

B. Douglas, M. P. Granchi, 1978 .

The racemization of complex ions on activated carbon—I: The racemization of potassium d-ethylenediaminetetra-acetatocobaltate(III)

B. Douglas, W. C. Erdman, 1962 .

The racemization of complex ions on activated carbon—III: The effect of electrolytes on the racemization of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride and potassium ethylenediaminetetra-acetatocobaltate(III)

B. Douglas, H. Swift, 1964 .

The racemization of complex ions on activated carbon—IV: Study of conditions for activation of sugar carbon

B. Douglas, S. Ho, 1964 .

The racemization of complex ions on activated carbon—II: The racemization of d-tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride and other complexes

B. Douglas, H. Swift, W. C. Erdman, 1962 .

Effect of Electrolytes on the Catalytic Racemization of Tris(Ethylenediamine)-Cobalt(III) Ion

B. Douglas, H. Swift, 1962, Nature.

Racemization of Tris-(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) Ion in the Presence of Decolorizing Carbon

B. Douglas, 1954 .

The Effects of Electrolytes on Circular Dichroism Curves of Cationic Complex Ions

B. Douglas, Herbert L. Smith, 1966 .

Rotatory Dispersion Studies of Coordination Compounds. I. Absorption Spectra and Ellipticity of Optically Active Dihedral Cobalt(III) Complexes

E. L. Amma, B. Douglas, J. Brushmiller, 1962 .

Circular dichroism of cobalt(III) complexes of the type cis-[CoN2O4] and cis-[CoN4O2] containing acetylacetonate ion, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline.

B. Douglas, K. Igi, K. Kashiwabara, 1976 .

Partial resolution of cobalt(III) chelate complexes by ion-exchange cellulose chromatography

B. Douglas, J. I. Legg, 1968 .

Circular dichroism of some optically active rhodium-amino acid complexes

S. Hall, B. Douglas, 1968 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE CIS-(CON2O4) AND CIS-(CON4O2) CONTAINING ACETYLACETONATE ION, 2,2′-BIPYRIDINE AND 1,10-PHENANTHROLINE

B. Douglas, K. Igi, K. Kashiwabara, 1976 .

CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE[Co(N)6] CONTAINING BIGUANIDE, AND 2,2′-DIPYRIDYL OR 1,10-PHENANTHROLINE

J. Hidaka, B. Douglas, K. Igi, 1978 .

Reaction of bis(diethylenetriamine)cobalt(III) with formaldehyde and ammonia

B. Douglas, S. Utsuno, R. Miyamoto, 1987 .

OPTICALLY ACTIVE BIS(BIQUANIDE)COBALT(III) COMPLEXES CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS

B. Douglas, H. Kawaguchi, 1976 .

The Lanthanide contraction

B. Douglas, 1954 .

Symmetry-Controlled Reactions

B. Douglas, C. A. Hollingsworth, 1985 .

Potassium Ferrate(VI)

J. M. Schreyer, G. W. Thompson, B. Douglas, 2007 .

Stabilization of oxidation states through coordination

B. Douglas, 1952 .

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Cobalt(III) and Copper(II) Complexes of Hexadentate and Tetradentate Ligands Containing Pyridyl Arms.

B. Douglas, C. Maricondi, Jeffrey B. Mandel, 1988 .

Symmetry in Bonding and Spectra: An Introduction

B. Douglas, Bodie E. Douglas, Charles A. Hollingsworth, 1985 .