Van T. Tong

发表

Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses--United States, 2000-2004.

Terry F. Pechacek, T. Pechacek, A. Malarcher, 2008, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Zika Virus Disease in Colombia - Preliminary Report.

A. Powers, S. Farr, J. Reefhuis, 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020

S. Gilboa, John F. Nahabedian, S. Ellington, 2020, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Zika Virus Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes in Colombia.

Sara Gómez, S. Gilboa, J. Villanueva, 2020, The New England journal of medicine.

Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status — United States, January 22–October 3, 2020

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, 2020, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Preliminary Report of Microcephaly Potentially Associated with Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy - Colombia, January-November 2016.

S. Gilboa, M. Honein, D. Jamieson, 2016, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Pregnancy and infant outcomes by trimester of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in pregnancy–SET‐NET, 22 jurisdictions, January 25, 2020–December 31, 2020

S. Gilboa, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, S. Ellington, 2022, Birth defects research.

Etiology of Microcephaly and Central Nervous System Defects during the Zika Epidemic in Colombia.

C. Moore, S. Gilboa, M. Ospina, 2020, The Journal of pediatrics.

Estimating the numbers of pregnant women infected with Zika virus and infants with congenital microcephaly in Colombia, 2015-2017.

O. Devine, C. Castañeda-Orjuela, M. Johansson, 2018, The Journal of infection.

Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy--Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 sites, 2000-2010.

Denise V. D’Angelo, B. Morrow, S. Farr, 2009, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

Opioid Use Disorder Documented at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, 1999–2014

W. Callaghan, Sarah C. Haight, Jean Y. Ko, 2018, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Risk factors for illness severity among pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection – Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Mothers and Babies Network, 22 state, local, and territorial health departments, March 29, 2020 -March 5, 2021

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, 2021, medRxiv.

COVID-19 Severity among Women of Reproductive Age with Symptomatic Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 by Pregnancy Status – United States, Jan 1, 2020 – Sep 30, 2021

S. Gilboa, L. Zapata, S. Ellington, 2021 .

Changes in rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in the United States, 2019–2020

L. Zapata, S. Ellington, R. Galang, 2022, Journal of Perinatology.

State-specific estimates of complete smoke-free home rules among postpartum women, 2010.

Denise V. D’Angelo, Stephen D. Babb, S. Farr, 2014, Preventive medicine.

Smoke-Free–Home Rules Among Women With Infants, 2004–2008

Stephen D. Babb, S. Farr, P. Dietz, 2012, Preventing chronic disease.

Incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome - 28 States, 1999-2013.

Jean Y. Ko, W. Barfield, J. Lind, 2016, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

A Multifaceted Strategy to Implement Brief Smoking Cessation Counseling During Antenatal Care in Argentina and Uruguay: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

Carolyn C Johnson, A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, 2016, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

Smoking Before and During Pregnancy Among Women Reporting Depression or Anxiety

Denise V. D’Angelo, Jean Y. Ko, S. Farr, 2016, Obstetrics and gynecology.

Reducing prenatal smoking: the role of state policies.

A. Malarcher, E. K. Adams, P. Dietz, 2012, American journal of preventive medicine.

Estimates of nondisclosure of cigarette smoking among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States.

S. Dube, D. Homa, P. Dietz, 2011, American journal of epidemiology.

Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Among Women of Reproductive Age by Depression and Anxiety Disorder Status, 2008-2014.

Sarah C. Haight, Jean Y. Ko, Van T. Tong, 2019, Journal of women's health.

Characteristics and Maternal and Birth Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 13 States, March 1–August 22, 2020

S. McLafferty, L. Brammer, W. Schaffner, 2020, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Clinical interventions to reduce secondhand smoke exposure among pregnant women: a systematic review

I. Rolle, S. Kennedy, P. Dietz, 2014, Tobacco Control.

Barriers and Promoters of an Evidenced-Based Smoking Cessation Counseling During Prenatal Care in Argentina and Uruguay

A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, S. Farr, 2015, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy - Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 31 sites, 2000-2005.

Denise V. D’Angelo, P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, 2009, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate.

T. Pechacek, T. Mcafee, R. Bunnell, 2015, American journal of preventive medicine.

Tobacco Control Policies, Birth Outcomes, and Maternal Human Capital

E. K. Adams, P. Dietz, S. Markowitz, 2013, Journal of Human Capital.

Smoking Policies and Birth Outcomes: Estimates from a New Era

P. Dietz, S. Markowitz, Van T. Tong, 2011 .

Marijuana use during and after pregnancy and association of prenatal use on birth outcomes: A population-based study.

Jean Y. Ko, D. Hayes, Van T Tong, 2018, Drug and alcohol dependence.

Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy — SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29–October 14, 2020

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, S. Khuwaja, 2020, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Telephone Smoking Cessation Quitline Use Among Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women

S. Farr, Lei Zhang, P. Dietz, 2013, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in the U.S.

W. Callaghan, S. Farr, C. Shapiro-Mendoza, 2010, American journal of preventive medicine.

Obstetrician-Gynecologists’ practice patterns related to opioid use during pregnancy and postpartum - United States, 2017

Sarah C. Haight, Jean Y. Ko, M. Terplan, 2019, Journal of Perinatology.

Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age.

W. Callaghan, Jean Y. Ko, S. Farr, 2015, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

A Preparedness Model for Mother–Baby Linked Longitudinal Surveillance for Emerging Threats

Catherine M. Brown, Elizabeth A Torrone, S. Gilboa, 2020, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Impact of the Red River Catastrophic Flood on Women Giving Birth in North Dakota, 1994–2000

M. Zotti, J. Hsia, Van T Tong, 2011, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Chronic Diseases and Related Risk Factors among Low-Income Mothers

B. Morrow, D. Hayes, P. Dietz, 2010, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Perceptions of Harm to Children Exposed to Secondhand Aerosol From Electronic Vapor Products, Styles Survey, 2015

Brian A. King, Kristy L Marynak, Van T. Tong, 2017, Preventing chronic disease.

Prenatal tobacco prevention and cessation interventions for women in low‐ and middle‐income countries

J. Samet, H. Lando, R. Goldenberg, 2010, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

Tobacco cessation intervention for pregnant women in Argentina and Uruguay: study protocol

Carolyn C Johnson, A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, 2013, Reproductive Health.

SARS‐CoV‐2 infections among neonates born to pregnant people with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: Maternal, pregnancy and birth characteristics

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, C. Fussman, 2022, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

Changes in adverse maternal, pregnancy, and delivery outcomes among U.S. delivery hospitalizations during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2019-2020

L. Zapata, S. Ellington, R. Galang, 2021 .

Illness severity indicators in newborns by COVID-19 status in the United States, March–December 2020

Jean Y. Ko, S. Gilboa, S. Ellington, 2021, Journal of Perinatology.

Expansion of Medicaid covered smoking cessation services: maternal smoking and birth outcomes.

E. K. Adams, P. Dietz, S. Markowitz, 2013, Medicare & medicaid research review.

Estimates of Smoking before and during Pregnancy, and Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy: Comparing Two Population-Based Data Sources

Denise V. D’Angelo, S. Farr, P. Dietz, 2013, Public health reports.

Trends in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms — 27 States, 2004, 2008, and 2012

B. Morrow, Jean Y. Ko, S. Farr, 2017, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Pregnant Women’s Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Receipt of Screening and Brief Advice by Prenatal Care Providers in Argentina and Uruguay

Carolyn C Johnson, A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, 2015, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated With Prepregnancy and Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Use

Annette K Regan, M. O'Hegarty, Ruben A. Smith, 2021, Obstetrics and gynecology.

Use of Electronic Vapor Products Before, During, and After Pregnancy Among Women with a Recent Live Birth — Oklahoma and Texas, 2015

Denise V. D’Angelo, Brian A. King, S. Cox, 2019, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Perceptions of emerging tobacco products and nicotine replacement therapy among pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy

Van T. Tong, J. Kish-Doto, M. Lynch, 2016, Preventive medicine reports.

Screening practices and attitudes of obstetricians-gynecologists toward new and emerging tobacco products.

P. Melstrom, J. Schulkin, Van T. Tong, 2014, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

Prenatal Smoking Prevalence Ascertained from Two Population-Based Data Sources: Birth Certificates and PRAMS Questionnaires, 2004

P. Dietz, A. Allen, Van T. Tong, 2008, Public health reports.

US Adults’ Perceptions of the Harmful Effects During Pregnancy of Using Electronic Vapor Products Versus Smoking Cigarettes, Styles Survey, 2015

Brian A. King, Kristy L Marynak, Van T. Tong, 2016, Preventing chronic disease.

A Mixed-Methods Assessment of a Brief Smoking Cessation Intervention Implemented in Ohio Public Health Clinics, 2013

I. Agaku, Sierra M Mullen, Andrea J. Sharma, 2015, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Evaluation of a federally funded mass media campaign and smoking cessation in pregnant women: a population-based study in three states

T. Mcafee, Deesha Patel, K. Davis, 2017, BMJ Open.

Smoking and Clinical Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

D. Kissin, S. Boulet, D. Jamieson, 2019, Journal of women's health.

Reliability of Reported Maternal Smoking: Comparing the Birth Certificate to Maternal Worksheets and Prenatal and Hospital Medical Records, New York City and Vermont, 2009

J. Sackoff, Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2015, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Accuracy of self‐reported smoking cessation during pregnancy

Carolyn C Johnson, A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, 2015, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

Tobacco use by pregnant Medicaid beneficiaries: Validating a claims-based measure in Oregon

Jangho Yoon, J. Luck, Lisa P Oakley, 2020, Preventive medicine reports.

Clinicians' awareness of the Affordable Care Act mandate to provide comprehensive tobacco cessation treatment for pregnant women covered by Medicaid

A. Malarcher, J. Schulkin, Van T Tong, 2015, Preventive medicine reports.

Tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure among pregnant women in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a call to action

J. Samet, T. Novotny, Shin Y. Kim, 2010, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

SARS-CoV-2 During Omicron Variant Predominance Among Infants Born to People With SARS-CoV-2.

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, A. Hall, 2023, Pediatrics.

Nondaily Smokers’ Characteristics and Likelihood of Prenatal Cessation and Postpartum Relapse

Denise V. D’Angelo, Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2016, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

Maternal Smoking Among Women With and Without Use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

G. Copeland, D. Kissin, S. Boulet, 2016, Journal of women's health.

Impact of the 5As brief counseling on smoking cessation among pregnant clients of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics in Ohio.

G. Satten, I. Agaku, Andrea J. Sharma, 2015, Preventive medicine.

Age and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Prepregnancy Smoking Among Women Who Delivered Live Births

Denise V. D’Angelo, S. Farr, Shin Y. Kim, 2011, Preventing chronic disease.

Six-Month Outcomes of Infants Born to People With SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnancy.

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, S. Ellington, 2022, Pediatrics.

Nicotine replacement therapy and other interventions for pregnant smokers: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2009-2010.

H. Ding, Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2015, Preventive medicine.

Biochemically confirmed smoking cessation and gestational weight gain.

Andrea J. Sharma, Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2019, Birth.

Smoking cessation for pregnancy and beyond: a virtual clinic.

Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2012, The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association.

"Smoking cessation for pregnancy and beyond: a virtual clinic," an innovative web-based training for healthcare professionals.

P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, V. Tong, 2012, Journal of women's health.

Postpartum Smoking Relapse After Quitting During Pregnancy: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2000-2011.

Denise V. D’Angelo, S. Farr, C. Robbins, 2016, Journal of women's health.

Maternal mortality and morbidity in the United States: where are we now?

C. Berg, W. Callaghan, Jean Y. Ko, 2014, Journal of women's health.

Women's perspectives on smoking and pregnancy and graphic warning labels.

M. O'Hegarty, Van T. Tong, Cynthia H. Cassell, 2014, American journal of health behavior.

Postpartum Care Utilization Among Women with Medicaid-Funded Live Births in Oregon

Nicholas P. Deputy, L. Bui, Jangho Yoon, 2021, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

Patterns and predictors of current cigarette smoking in women and men of reproductive age-Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

Reina M. Turcios-Ruiz, P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, 2011, Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health.

Risks of Preterm Delivery and Small for Gestational Age Infants: Effects of Nondaily and Low‐Intensity Daily Smoking During Pregnancy

Denise V. D’Angelo, Van T. Tong, V. Tong, 2017, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

Smoking patterns and use of cessation interventions during pregnancy.

P. Dietz, Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2008, American journal of preventive medicine.

Pregnancy, Birth, Infant, and Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among a Cohort of Women with Symptoms of Zika Virus Disease during Pregnancy in Three Surveillance Sites, Project Vigilancia de Embarazadas con Zika (VEZ), Colombia, 2016–2018

C. Moore, S. Gilboa, S. Zaki, 2021, Tropical medicine and infectious disease.

Zika Virus Detection in Amniotic Fluid and Zika-Associated Birth Defects.

S. Gilboa, J. Villanueva, M. Honein, 2020, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Detection after COVID-19 Illness Onset during Pregnancy

A. MacNeil, S. Gilboa, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, 2022, Emerging infectious diseases.

Breast Milk Feeding of Infants at Birth Among People With Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy: SET-NET, 5 States, March 29, 2020-December 31, 2020.

E. Olsen, S. Gilboa, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, 2022, American journal of public health.

Maternal opioid exposure, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and infant healthcare utilization: A retrospective cohort analysis.

Sarah C. Haight, Jean Y. Ko, Jangho Yoon, 2021, Drug and alcohol dependence.

Measurement of Head Circumference: Implications for Microcephaly Surveillance in Zika-Affected Areas

C. Moore, C. Zúniga, S. Gilboa, 2020, Tropical medicine and infectious disease.

Zika-Associated Birth Defects Reported in Pregnancies with Laboratory Evidence of Confirmed or Possible Zika Virus Infection — U.S. Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry, December 1, 2015–March 31, 2018

C. Moore, S. Gilboa, S. Khuwaja, 2022, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

Zika virus knowledge, attitudes and prevention behaviors among pregnant women in the ZEN cohort study, Colombia, 2017-2018.

S. Gilboa, M. Honein, Van T. Tong, 2023, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Smoking Patterns and Receipt of Cessation Services Among Pregnant Women in Argentina and Uruguay.

Carolyn C Johnson, A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, 2016, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

Factors Associated With Exposure to Antismoking Information Among Adults in Vietnam, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2010

Hoang Van Minh, K. B. Giang, J. Hsia, 2013, Preventing chronic disease.

Reliance on self-reporting underestimates pregnancy smoking rates in Scotland, with more than 2400 pregnant smokers estimated to be missed each year

P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, V. Tong, 2010, Evidence Based Medicine.

Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age With Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status—United States, January 22–June 7, 2020

S. Gilboa, John F. Nahabedian, S. Ellington, 2020 .

Preterm birth among pregnant persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection

S. Gilboa, S. Farr, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, 2022, Journal of Perinatology.

Identifying possible inaccuracy in reported birth head circumference measurements among infants in the US Zika Pregnancy and Infant Registry

C. Moore, S. Gilboa, M. Honein, 2021, Birth defects research.

Measurement error, microcephaly prevalence and implications for Zika: an analysis of Uruguay perinatal data

S. Gilboa, P. Buekens, E. Harville, 2019, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

Cohort profile: congenital Zika virus infection and child neurodevelopmental outcomes in the ZEN cohort study in Colombia

M. Ospina, M. Honein, Van T Tong, 2020, Epidemiology and health.

Obstetrician-gynecologists’ practices and attitudes on substance use screening during pregnancy

Sarah C. Haight, Jean Y. Ko, M. Terplan, 2019, Journal of Perinatology.

Clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes based on brain imaging studies in a Colombian cohort of children with probable antenatal Zika virus exposure

C. Moore, S. Gilboa, M. Ospina, 2021, Birth defects research.

Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy - Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 31 sites, 2000-2005.

Denise V. D’Angelo, P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, 2009, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

Critical care among newborns with and without a COVID-19 diagnosis, May 2020–February 2022

S. Ellington, Van T. Tong, Bailey Wallace, 2023, Journal of Perinatology.

Reproductive health assessment toolkit for conflict-affected women

M. Zotti, M. Hynes, Van T. Tong, 2007 .

Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy - Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 31 sites, 2000-2005.

Denise V. D’Angelo, P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, 2009, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

Emergency Preparedness and Response: Highlights from the Division of Reproductive Health, 2011-2021.

M. Zotti, W. Barfield, M. Snead, 2021, Journal of women's health.

Prevalence and maternal characteristics associated with receipt of prenatal care provider counseling about medications safe to take during pregnancy.

Denise V. D’Angelo, I. Ahluwalia, Leslie L. Harrison, 2019, Preventive medicine.

Outcomes up to age 36 months after congenital Zika virus infection-U.S. states.

R. DeBiasi, S. Gilboa, M. Honein, 2023, Pediatric research.

Neurodevelopmental findings in children 20-30 months of age with postnatal Zika infection at 1-12 months of age, Colombia, September-November 2017.

S. Gilboa, M. Honein, Kayla N Anderson, 2020, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

Zika Virus Disease in Children in Colombia, August 2015 to May 2016

S. Gilboa, M. Honein, S. Tinker, 2017, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus Infection among mothers and infants in Colombia

S. Gilboa, M. Honein, J. Ricaldi, 2021, Journal of medical virology.

Congenital cytomegalovirus surveillance in the United States

D. Sugerman, Van T Tong, Van T. Tong, 2022, Birth defects research.

Zika Virus Disease in Colombia - Preliminary Report.

A. Powers, S. Farr, J. Reefhuis, 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

Barriers and Promoters of an Evidenced-Based Smoking Cessation Counseling During Prenatal Care in Argentina and Uruguay

A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, S. Farr, 2015, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

A Multifaceted Strategy to Implement Brief Smoking Cessation Counseling During Antenatal Care in Argentina and Uruguay: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

Carolyn C Johnson, A. Aleman, Mercedes Colomar, 2016, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

Severity of illness by pregnancy status among laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infections occurring in reproductive‐aged women in Colombia

S. Gilboa, S. Ellington, Van T. Tong, 2021, Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology.

Reliance on self-reporting underestimates pregnancy smoking rates in Scotland, with more than 2400 pregnant smokers estimated to be missed each year

P. Dietz, Van T. Tong, Lucinda J England, 2010, Evidence Based Medicine.

Prenatal tobacco prevention and cessation interventions for women in low‐ and middle‐income countries

J. Samet, H. Lando, R. Goldenberg, 2010, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

COVID-19 Severity among Women of Reproductive Age with Symptomatic Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 by Pregnancy Status – United States, Jan 1, 2020 – Dec 25, 2021

S. Gilboa, L. Zapata, S. Ellington, 2022, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Nicotine replacement therapy and other interventions for pregnant smokers: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2009-2010.

H. Ding, Van T. Tong, M. Kapaya, 2015, Preventive medicine.