P. Bretscher

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Distinct immunological states in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis by immunising with different amounts of antigen: the generation of beneficial, potentially harmful, harmful and potentially extremely harmful states.

P. Bretscher, O. Ogunremi, J. Menon, 1997, Behring Institute Mitteilungen.

Mycobacterial Dose Defines the Th1/Th2 Nature of the Immune Response Independently of Whether Immunization Is Administered by the Intravenous, Subcutaneous, or Intradermal Route

C. Power, P. Bretscher, G. Wei, 1998, Infection and Immunity.

Establishment of stable, cell-mediated immunity that makes "susceptible" mice resistant to Leishmania major.

H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, P. Bretscher, J. Menon, 1992, Science.

Information overload and resilience in facing foundational issues

P. Bretscher, 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

The role of cytokines in determining the Th1/Th2 phenotype of an immune response: Coherence of the T cell response and the Cytokine Implementation Hypothesis

P. Bretscher, 2021, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.

Does T Cell Activation Require a Quorum of Lymphocytes?

P. Bretscher, G. Al-Yassin, 2018, The Journal of Immunology.

Immunological Tolerance. Part I of a Report of a Workshop on Foundational Concepts of Immune Regulation

Z. Nagy, Z. Dembić, C. Havele, 2017, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

A Conversation with Cohn on the Activation of CD4 T Cells

P. Bretscher, 2015, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

The Activation and Inactivation of Mature CD4 T cells: A Case for Peripheral Self–Nonself Discrimination

P. Bretscher, 2014, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

A hypothesis for the existence of two types of tuberculosis, reflecting two distinct types of immune failure to control the pathogen, based upon prevalence of mycobacterium‐specific IgG subclasses

C. Power, P. Bretscher, J. Menon, 2018, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

Macroimmunology and immunotherapy of cancer.

N. Ismail, P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, 2009, Immunotherapy.

Different immune correlates associated with tumor progression and regression: implications for prevention and treatment of cancer

P. Bretscher, Duane H. Hamilton, D. Hamilton, 2008, Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.

On T cell development, T cell signals, T cell specificity and sensitivity, and the autoimmunity facilitated by lymphopenia

P. Bretscher, C. Anderson, G. Al-Yassin, 2020, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

CD 4 T cell cooperation is required for the in vivo activation of CD 4 T cells

N. Peters, P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, 2009 .

CD4 T cell cooperation is required for the in vivo activation of CD4 T cells.

N. Peters, P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, 2009, International immunology.

Cell-to-cell interactions and signaling within the immune system:Towards integrating mechanism and physiology

N. Peters, N. Ismail, P. Bretscher, 2001 .

Phospholipid oxidation generates potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that mimic structurally related pro-resolving eicosanoids by activating Nrf2

E. Carreira, H. Köfeler, M. Trötzmüller, 2015, EMBO molecular medicine.

A valid ELISPOT assay for enumeration of ex vivo, antigen-specific, IFNgamma-producing T cells.

N. Peters, C. Power, N. Ismail, 1999, JIM - Journal of Immunological Methods.

Direct demonstration of CD4 T cell cooperation in the primary in vivo generation of CD4 effector T cells.

N. Peters, P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, 2012, International immunology.

Distinct roles of dendritic and B cells in the activation of naive CD4+ T cells.

P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, C. Rudulier, 2012, Immunotherapy.

The Number of Responding CD4 T Cells and the Dose of Antigen Conjointly Determine the Th1/Th2 Phenotype by Modulating B7/CD28 Interactions

K. K. McKinstry, P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, 2014, The Journal of Immunology.

Th1/Th2 Phenotype by Modulating B7/CD28 the the Dose of Antigen Conjointly Determine The Number of Responding CD4 T Cells and

K. K. McKinstry, P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, 2014 .

The two-signal model of lymphocyte activation twenty-one years later.

P. Bretscher, 1992, Immunology today.

The activation, by antigen, of naïve TCR transgenic CD4 T cells cultured at physiological, rather than artificially high, frequencies more accurately reflects the in vivo activation of normal numbers of naïve CD4(+) T cells.

P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, C. Rudulier, 2012, Cellular immunology.

Antigen Presenting B Cells Facilitate CD4 T Cell Cooperation Resulting in Enhanced Generation of Effector and Memory CD4 T Cells

P. Bretscher, David R. Kroeger, C. Rudulier, 2013, PloS one.

Cooperation between CD4 T helper cells is required for the generation of alloantigen‐specific, IFN‐γ‐producing human CD4 T cells

T. Strutt, P. Bretscher, 2005, Immunology and cell biology.

An integrated view of immunological tolerance

P. Bretscher, 2022, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.

IMMUNOLOGY IS NOT A SCIENCE OF COMPLEXITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY WAYS OF UNDERSTANDING

P. Bretscher, 2014 .

Helper T cells are required for the polyclonal stimulation of cytotoxic T cells by concanavalin A

L. Pilarski, P. Bretscher, L. Baum, 1977, The Journal of experimental medicine.

A Theory of Self-Nonself Discrimination

Melvin Cohn, M. Cohn, P. Bretscher, 1970, Science.

Two Signal Models of Lymphocyte Activation Incorporate a Mechanism of Peripheral Tolerance, and Have Implications for Achieving Immunological Unresponsiveness and Effective Transplantation

N. Peters, P. Bretscher, 2002, Vox sanguinis.

Requirement for antigen in lipopolysaccharidedependent induction of B cells

P. Bretscher, 1978, European journal of immunology.

On the control between cell-mediated, IgM and IgG immunity.

P. Bretscher, Peter A. Bretscher, 1974, Cellular immunology.

Hypothesis: a model for generalised autoimmunity.

P. Bretscher, 1973, Cellular immunology.

Immune Class Regulation and Its Medical Significance Part II of a Report of a Workshop on Foundational Concepts of Immune Regulation

Z. Nagy, Z. Dembić, C. Havele, 2017, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

The Th1/Th2 nature of concurrent immune responses to unrelated antigens can be independent.

N. Ismail, P. Bretscher, 1999, Journal of immunology.

Immunologic and inflammatory responses during pregnancy.

A. Russell, P. Bretscher, D. Holland, 1984, Journal of clinical & laboratory immunology.

More antigen‐dependent CD4+ T cell / CD4+ T cell interactions are required for the primary generation of Th2 than of Th1 cells

N. Ismail, P. Bretscher, 2001, European journal of immunology.

Immunization of newborn and adult mice with low numbers of BCG leads to Th1 responses, Th1 imprints and enhanced protection upon BCG challenge.

C. Power, P. Bretscher, G. Wei, 2010, Immunotherapy.

Discovery of a highly potent anti-inflammatory epoxyisoprostane-derived lactone.

E. Carreira, M. Kopf, P. Bretscher, 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Analyzing some concepts of immune regulation of the last three decades: Fostering greater research resilience despite the information overload. A personal view

P. Bretscher, 2022, Frontiers in Immunology.

Cyclosporin A can switch the immune response induced by antigen from a humoral to a cell‐mediated mode

C. Havele, P. Bretscher, 1992, European journal of immunology.

The regulatory functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets in immune class regulation.

P. Bretscher, 1991, Research in immunology.

An hypothesis to explain why cell‐mediated immunity alone can contain infections by certain intracellular parasites and how immune class regulation of the response against such parasites can be subverted

P. Bretscher, PETER A. BRETSCHER, 1992, Immunology and cell biology.

A cascade of T-T interactions, mediated by the linked recognition of antigen, in the induction of T cells able to help delayed-type hypersensitivity responses.

P. Bretscher, 1986, Journal of immunology.

T cells cooperating in the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity act via the linked recognition of antigenic determinants

M. Tucker, P. Bretscher, 1982, The Journal of experimental medicine.

A strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy.

P. Bretscher, 1992, Immunology today.

Anti‐IL‐4 antibody therapy causes regression of chronic lesions caused by medium‐dose Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice

P. Bretscher, Jude E. Uzonna, 2001, European journal of immunology.

Synthesis of epoxyisoprostanes: effects in reducing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12.

E. Carreira, M. Kopf, P. Bretscher, 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

Characterization of the immunological memory state generated in mice susceptible to Leishmania major following exposure to low doses of L. major and resulting in resistance to a normally pathogenic challenge

P. Bretscher, J. Menon, 1996, European journal of immunology.

Regulation of the class of immune response induced by antigen. I. Specific T cells switch the in vivo response from a cell-mediated to humoral mode.

P. Bretscher, 1983, Cellular immunology.

How significant are 'autoreactive' T cells?

P. Bretscher, 1986, Immunology today.

Increasing the foreignness of an antigen, by coupling a second and foreign antigen to it, increases the T helper type 2 component of the immune response to the first antigen

A. Basten, N. Ismail, P. Bretscher, 2005, Immunology.

Analysis of cytokine‐producing Th cells from hen egg lysozyme‐immunized mice reveals large numbers specific for “cryptic” peptides and different repertoires among different Th populations

N. Peters, P. Bretscher, Duane H. Hamilton, 2005, European journal of immunology.

Total Synthesis of Prostaglandin 15d-PGJ(2) and Investigation of its Effect on the Secretion of IL-6 and IL-12.

E. Carreira, M. Kopf, P. Bretscher, 2015, Organic letters.

A two-step, two-signal model for the primary activation of precursor helper T cells.

P. Bretscher, P A Bretscher, 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

A strategy for prophylactic vaccination against HIV.

M. Clerici, G. Shearer, J. Salk, 1993, Science.

Activation of thymic T cells by MHC alloantigen requires syngeneic, activated CD4+ T cells and B cells as APC.

T. Strutt, P. Bretscher, J. Uzonna, 2006, International immunology.

Regulation of the immune response. I. Suppression of delayed‐type hypersensitivity by T cells from mice expressing humoral immunity

I. Ramshaw, P. Bretscher, C. Parish, 1976, European journal of immunology.

Immune Elimination of Leishmania major in Mice: Implications for Immune Memory, Vaccination, and Reactivation Disease1

P. Bretscher, G. Wei, Jude E. Uzonna, 2001, The Journal of Immunology.

On the Mechanism Determining the Th1/Th2 Phenotype of an Immune Response, and its Pertinence to Strategies for the Prevention, and Treatment, of Certain Infectious Diseases

P. Bretscher, 2014, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

Regulation of the immune response II. Repressor T cells in cyclophosphamide‐induced tolerant mice

C. Parish, P. Bretscher, C. Parish, 1977, European journal of immunology.

The two signal model for b cell induction.

P. Bretscher, 1975, Transplantation reviews.

On Analyzing How the Th1/Th2 Phenotype of an Immune Response Is Determined: Classical Observations Must Not Be Ignored

P. Bretscher, 2019, Front. Immunol..

Discrimination of suppressor T cells of humoral and cell-mediated immunity by anti-Ly and anti-Ia sera.

C. Parish, I. Mckenzie, I. Ramshaw, 1977, Cellular immunology.

Can interruption/withdrawl of anti‐retroviral therapy provide personalized immunotherapy against HIV‐1?

P. Bretscher, G. Al-Yassin, 2020, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

Development of Th1 Imprints to rBCG Expressing a Foreign Protein: Implications for Vaccination against HIV-1 and Diverse Influenza Strains

W. Xiao, C. Power, P. Bretscher, 2010, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

Living with the ups and downs of the two signal model

P. Bretscher, 2004, Immunology and cell biology.

The Problem of Host and Pathogen Genetic Variability for Developing Strategies of Universally Efficacious Vaccination against and Personalised Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis: Potential Solutions?

P. Bretscher, 2023, International journal of molecular sciences.

THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CELLULAR REGULATION

P. Bretscher, 1980 .

In vitro induction of delayed‐type hypersensitivity

P. Bretscher, 1979, European journal of immunology.

Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells switch the immune response induced by antigen from an IgG to a cell-mediated mode.

P. Bretscher, S. Tuttosi, 1992, Journal of immunology.

In vitro analysis of the cellular interactions between unprimed lymphocytes responsible for determining the class of response an antigen induces: specific T cells switch a cell-mediated response to a humoral response.

P. Bretscher, 1983, Journal of immunology.

Parasite dose determines the Th1/Th2 nature of the response to Leishmania major independently of infection route and strain of host or parasite

P. Bretscher, J. Menon, 1998, European journal of immunology.

Immunotherapy of the rat 13762SC mammary adenocarcinoma by vaccinia virus augmentation of tumor immunity

B. Ziola, T. P. Archer, P. Bretscher, 1990, Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.

The Control of Humoral and Associative Antibody Synthesis

P. Bretscher, 1972, Transplantation reviews.

The historical postulate: Is it the basis, at the level of the system, for self‐nonself discrimination?

P. Bretscher, 2021, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

The history of the two‐signal model of lymphocyte activation: A personal perspective

P. Bretscher, 2019, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

Tuberculosis and HIV: light after darkness.

G. Rook, J. Grange, P. Onyebujoh, 1994, Thorax.

Facing the Increased Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant M. tuberculosis: Exploring the Feasibility of Realising Koch’s Aspiration of Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis

P. Bretscher, 2022, Antibiotics.

Obituary: Dr Zoltan A. Nagy (1941–2020)

H. Rammensee, Z. Dembić, A. Corthay, 2021, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

On how the immune system preferentially interacts with antigen‐specific molecules bound to antigen over unbound molecules, with emphasis on B cell receptor signalling

P. Bretscher, G. Al-Yassin, 2019, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

Contemporary models for peripheral tolerance and the classical 'historical postulate'.

P. Bretscher, P Bretscher, 2000, Seminars in immunology.

The Two Signal Model

P. Bretscher, Peter A. Bretscher, 1975 .

Is the Framework of Cohn's ‘Tritope Model’ for How T Cell Receptors Recognize Peptide/Self‐MHC Complexes and Allo‐MHC Plausible?

P. Bretscher, 2016, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

A case for a neonatal, low-dose BCG vaccination trial.

C. Power, P. Bretscher, J. Menon, 2001, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

Vaccination, and Reactivation Disease Mice: Implications for Immune Memory, in Leishmania major Immune Elimination of

P. Bretscher, G. Wei, J. Uzonna, 2001 .

Differential sensitivity of inflammatory macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages to ferroptosis

M. Kopf, C. Schneider, P. Bretscher, 2020, European journal of immunology.

2.4. Quantitative Considerations in the Design of Vaccination Strategies Against Pathogens Uniquely Susceptible to Cell-Mediated Attack

P. Bretscher, 1996 .

On antigen‐specific signals, immune class regulation and energetics: Report III from the workshops on foundational concepts of immune regulation

T. Mueller, C. Havele, I. Øynebråten, 2023, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: A COMMENTARY

P. Bretscher, B. Juurlink, 2014 .

Towards a strategy of universally efficacious vaccination against pathogens uniquely susceptible to cell-mediated attack.

P. Bretscher, O. Ogunremi, J. Menon, 1996, Journal of biotechnology.

What information is needed to design effective vaccination against intracellular pathogens causing chronic disease?

P. Bretscher, O. Ogunremi, Duane H. Hamilton, 2002, Expert review of vaccines.

Minimal Model for the Mechanism of Antibody Induction and Paralysis by Antigen

M. Cohn, P. Bretscher, P. Bretscher, 1968, Nature.

Immunization of newborn and adult mice with low numbers of BCG leads to Th1 responses, Th1 imprints and enhanced protection upon BCG challenge.

C. Power, P. Bretscher, G. Wei, 2010, Immunotherapy.

Signs and Meaning in the Study of the Immune and Higher Nervous Systems

P. Bretscher, 1988 .

Discovery of a highly potent anti-inflammatory epoxyisoprostane-derived lactone.

E. Carreira, M. Kopf, P. Bretscher, 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.