Shu‐Cheng Chen

发表

Comparison and Survival of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis in the Elderly

A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, J. Snyder, 2002, Seminars in dialysis.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Alone in the Absence of Subsequent Diabetes Is Associated With Microalbuminuria

K. Chinnaiyan, G. Bakris, A. Kshirsagar, 2010, Diabetes Care.

Gestational diabetes alone , in the absence of subsequent diabetes , is associated with microalbuminuria : results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program ( KEEP )

K. Chinnaiyan, G. Bakris, A. Kshirsagar, 2010 .

Early mortality in patients starting dialysis appears to go unregistered.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2014, Kidney international.

Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in the Medicare population.

A. Collins, C. Herzog, D. Gilbertson, 2003, Kidney international. Supplement.

Obesity is associated with increased parathyroid hormone levels independent of glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease.

G. Bakris, Suying Li, Samy I McFarlane, 2010, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

Diagnosis of cardiac disease in pediatric end-stage renal disease.

A. Sinaiko, A. Collins, C. Herzog, 2011, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

United States Renal Data System public health surveillance of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2015, Kidney international supplements.

Atherosclerotic renovascular disease in United States patients aged 67 years or older: risk factors, revascularization, and prognosis.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2005, Kidney international.

The effect of diabetes on incidence and mortality in end-stage renal disease in Germany

A. Sinaiko, A. Collins, C. Herzog, 2011 .

Recovery of Renal Function among ESRD Patients in the US Medicare Program

W. McClellan, J. Wish, S. Mohan, 2013, PloS one.

US Renal Data System 2012 Annual Data Report.

Haifeng Guo, Bryn Thompson, Daniel Sheets, 2013, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Diabetes mellitus and CKD awareness: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Suying Li, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

354 Disease State Awareness, Kidney Disease, and Relationship to ESRD and Death

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, G. Bakris, 2011 .

Hemodialysis access at initiation in the United States, 2005 to 2007: Still “Catheter First”

R. Foley, A. Collins, Shu‐Cheng Chen, 2009, Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis.

End‐stage renal disease from hemolytic uremic syndrome in the United States, 1995–2010

R. Foley, A. Collins, C. Solid, 2015, Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis.

Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts.

S. Yusuf, P. Gao, M. Woodward, 2011, Kidney international.

No independent association of serum phosphorus with risk for death or progression to end-stage renal disease in a large screen for chronic kidney disease.

Keith C. Norris, B. Kestenbaum, Suying Li, 2013, Kidney international.

Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2004 annual data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States.

Haifeng Guo, Daniel Sheets, Eric Frazier, 2003, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

CKD surveillance using administrative data: impact on the health care system.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: collecting, analyzing, and reporting data on transplantation in the United States.

A. Israni, B. Kasiske, M. Skeans, 2013, Transplantation reviews.

CKD and cardiovascular disease in screened high-risk volunteer and general populations: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Keith C. Norris, Keith C Norris, L. Stevens, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in chronic kidney disease.

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Suying Li, 2008, The American journal of medicine.

Association of race and body mass index with ESRD and mortality in CKD stages 3-4: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

G. Bakris, A. Kshirsagar, Suying Li, 2013, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Awareness of kidney disease and relationship to end-stage renal disease and mortality.

Keith C. Norris, G. Bakris, M. Shlipak, 2012, The American journal of medicine.

Dysglycemia Predicts Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Suying Li, 2010, Journal of clinical hypertension.

Racial differences in the competing risks of mortality and ESRD after acute myocardial infarction.

J. Allison, A. Collins, Shu-cheng Chen, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report.

Yang Qiu, Haifeng Guo, Daniel Sheets, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

The synergistic relationship between estimated GFR and microalbuminuria in predicting long-term progression to ESRD or death in patients with diabetes: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Suying Li, A. Whaley-connell, P. McCullough, 2013, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Excerpts from the US Renal Data System 2009 Annual Data Report.

Yang Qiu, Bertram L Kasiske, Haifeng Guo, 2010, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

ESRD due to Multiple Myeloma in the United States, 2001-2010.

R. Foley, C. Solid, D. Sexton, 2016, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

The fall and rise of parathyroidectomy in U.S. hemodialysis patients, 1992 to 2002.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2004, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

Hypertension in pediatric long-term hemodialysis patients in the United States.

A. Collins, C. Herzog, B. Chavers, 2009, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

Prevalence of CKD and comorbid illness in elderly patients in the United States: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, G. Bakris, 2010, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Identification of persons at high risk for kidney disease via targeted screening: the NKF Kidney Early Evaluation Program.

W. Keane, W. Brown, D. Molony, 2003, Kidney international. Supplement.

CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Yang Qiu, Keith C. Norris, Keith C Norris, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Who should be targeted for CKD screening? Impact of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

US Renal Data System 2013 Annual Data Report.

B. Kasiske, N. Kutner, R. Foley, 2014, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2007 annual data report.

B. Kasiske, R. Foley, A. Collins, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease: Data from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)

Keith C. Norris, Suying Li, Shu-cheng Chen, 2011, Current diabetes reports.

Applying an expanded set of cognitive design principles to formatting the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) longitudinal survey.

Keith C. Norris, J. Vassalotti, J. L. Calderón, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives – Findings from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program

Keith C. Norris, M. Shlipak, C. Jurkovitz, 2008, American Journal of Nephrology.

Race and sex differences in hypertension control in CKD: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, J. McGill, G. Bakris, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Comparison of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equations: risk factors for and complications of CKD and mortality in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, G. Bakris, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)

J. McGill, A. Collins, Shu-cheng Chen, 2004, The Diabetes educator.

'United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease & end-stage renal disease in the United States.

Yang Qiu, Haifeng Guo, Bryn Thompson, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Chronic kidney disease, prevalence of premature cardiovascular disease, and relationship to short-term mortality.

Keith C. Norris, G. Bakris, M. Shlipak, 2008, American heart journal.

Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Predicts Chronic Kidney Disease Awareness in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program

Keith C. Norris, G. Bakris, A. Collins, 2011, Cardiorenal Medicine.

Diabetes mellitus in CKD: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, A. Collins, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Hypertension in early-stage kidney disease: an update from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

G. Bakris, Suying Li, Changchun Wang, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Dysglycemia but not lipids is associated with abnormal urinary albumin excretion in diabetic kidney disease: a report from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)

Suying Li, N. Mehta, A. Whaley-connell, 2012, BMC Nephrology.

Association of educational attainment with chronic disease and mortality: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, M. Shlipak, Suying Li, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Plasma parathyroid hormone level and prevalent cardiovascular disease in CKD stages 3 and 4: an analysis from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

G. Bakris, Suying Li, Shu-cheng Chen, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Comparison of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equations: prevalence of and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in CKD in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, G. Bakris, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

The Association between Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Hemoglobin in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Participants in the National Kidney Foundationʼs Kidney Early Evaluation Program

Keith C. Norris, C. Jurkovitz, Suying Li, 2013, Cardiorenal Medicine.

Peritoneal and hemodialysis: II. Mortality risk associated with initial patient characteristics.

A. Collins, J. Xue, Shu-cheng Chen, 2002, Kidney international.

Peritoneal and hemodialysis: I. Differences in patient characteristics at initiation.

A. Collins, J. Xue, Shu-cheng Chen, 2002, Kidney international.

Prevalence and associations of anemia of CKD: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Keith C. Norris, G. Bakris, A. Collins, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Chronic kidney disease awareness, screening and prevention: Rationale for the design of a public education program

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2010, Nephrology.

Prevalence of arteriovenous fistulas in incident hemodialysis patients: correlation with patient factors that may be associated with maturation failure.

Shu-cheng Chen, W. McClellan, J. Wish, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Survival and hospitalization among patients using nocturnal and short daily compared to conventional hemodialysis: a USRDS study.

Yijian Huang, N. Kutner, Rebecca H Zhang, 2009, Kidney international.

Survival and hospitalization among users of short daily and nocturnal hemodialysis versus propensity-matched controls : a USRDS study

Yijian Huang, Rebecca H Zhang, K. Johansen, 2022 .

Physician utilization, risk-factor control, and CKD progression among participants in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, C. Jurkovitz, Suying Li, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Racial and ethnic differences in mortality among individuals with chronic kidney disease: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, M. Shlipak, C. Jurkovitz, 2011, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) annual data report 2009: executive summary.

G. Bakris, A. Collins, P. McCullough, 2010, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Independent components of chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk state: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, J. McGill, G. Bakris, 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

Racial and ethnic differences in albuminuria in individuals with estimated GFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2): results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Keith C. Norris, M. Shlipak, C. Jurkovitz, 2010, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) annual data report 2010: executive summary.

G. Bakris, A. Collins, A. Whaley-connell, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2004 annual data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States.

B. Kasiske, R. Foley, A. Collins, 2003, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Identifying High-Risk Individuals for Chronic Kidney Disease: Results of the CHERISH Community Demonstration Project

Desmond E. Williams, S. Saydah, A. Collins, 2018, American Journal of Nephrology.

Trends in mineral metabolism: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Keith C. Norris, A. Collins, Suying Li, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Racial differences in kidney function among individuals with obesity and metabolic syndrome: results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

G. Bakris, A. Kshirsagar, Suying Li, 2010, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Screening populations at increased risk of CKD: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and the public health problem.

A. Collins, Suying Li, Shu-cheng Chen, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Educational programs improve the preparation for dialysis and survival of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Suying Li, Shu-cheng Chen, R. Mehrotra, 2014, Kidney international.

United States Renal Data System 2008 Annual Data Report.

Yang Qiu, Haifeng Guo, Daniel Sheets, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Associations between access to care and awareness of CKD.

Yang Qiu, Anuja Shah, Keith C. Norris, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2006 Annual Data Report.

B. Kasiske, R. Foley, A. Collins, 2007, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Agreement of reported vascular access on the medical evidence report and on medicare claims at hemodialysis initiation

R. Foley, A. Collins, C. Solid, 2014, BMC Nephrology.

ESRD from lupus nephritis in the United States, 1995-2010.

R. Foley, A. Collins, C. Solid, 2015, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

The comprehensive dialysis study (CDS): a USRDS special study.

N. Kutner, K. Johansen, Shu-cheng Chen, 2009, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Wei Jiang, Shengxin Liu, Shu‐Cheng Chen, 2023, Texas Heart Institute journal.

Comparison of CKD awareness in a screening population using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study and CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations.

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, Suying Li, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease in Older US Patients Starting Dialysis, 1996 to 2001

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2006, Circulation.

Atherosclerotic renovascular disease in the United States.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2010, Kidney international.

Use of hospice in the United States dialysis population.

A. Murray, D. Gilbertson, Cheryl Arko, 2006, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

Sustainable community-based CKD screening methods employed by the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Shu-cheng Chen, 2011, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

United States Renal Data System assessment of the impact of the National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines.

A. Collins, W. S. St. Peter, T. Roberts, 2002, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

ESRD from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the United States, 2001-2010.

R. Foley, A. Collins, C. Solid, 2014, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Comparative mortality of hemodialysis patients at for-profit and not-for-profit dialysis facilities in the United States, 1998 to 2003: A retrospective analysis

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2008, BMC nephrology.

KEEP 2009: Tenth anniversary of the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Shu-cheng Chen, 2010 .

Genetic and environmental effects and characteristics of Japanese end‐stage renal disease patients

N. Yorioka, R. Foley, A. Collins, 2009, Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis.

Risk Factors for Esrd in Individuals with Preserved Estimated Gfr with and without Albuminuria: Results from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (keep)

M. Shlipak, L. Fried, Suying Li, 2012 .

The Association between Parathyroid Hormone Levels and the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome in Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease

Keith C. Norris, G. Bakris, Suying Li, 2011, Cardiorenal Medicine.

End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Acute Tubular Necrosis in the United States, 2001-2010

R. Foley, A. Collins, C. Solid, 2015, American Journal of Nephrology.

Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2007 annual data report.

B. Kasiske, R. Foley, A. Collins, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Hemodialysis access at initiation in the United States, 2005 to 2007: Still “Catheter First”

R. Foley, A. Collins, Shu‐Cheng Chen, 2009, Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis.

End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Acute Tubular Necrosis in the United States, 2001-2010

R. Foley, A. Collins, C. Solid, 2015, American Journal of Nephrology.

Access to health care among adults evaluated for CKD: findings from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

Yang Qiu, Suying Li, P. McCullough, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Dysglycemia Predicts Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Suying Li, 2010, Journal of clinical hypertension.

Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2003 Annual Data Report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States.

B. Kasiske, A. Collins, C. Herzog, 2003, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Genetic and environmental effects and characteristics of Japanese end‐stage renal disease patients

N. Yorioka, R. Foley, A. Collins, 2009, Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis.

Prevalence and associations of anemia of CKD: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Keith C. Norris, G. Bakris, A. Collins, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

ESRD due to Multiple Myeloma in the United States, 2001-2010.

R. Foley, C. Solid, D. Sexton, 2016, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

Educational programs improve the preparation for dialysis and survival of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Suying Li, R. Mehrotra, M. Kurella Tamura, 2014, Kidney international.

Chronic kidney disease awareness, screening and prevention: Rationale for the design of a public education program

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2010, Nephrology.

Plasma parathyroid hormone level and prevalent cardiovascular disease in CKD stages 3 and 4: an analysis from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP).

G. Bakris, Suying Li, P. McCullough, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Diabetes mellitus in CKD: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004.

Keith C. Norris, L. Stevens, A. Collins, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Participant follow-up in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) after initial detection.

A. Collins, Suying Li, Shu-cheng Chen, 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

The association of parathyroid hormone with ESRD and pre-ESRD mortality in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program.

Suying Li, Samy I McFarlane, G. Saab, 2012, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

Association of physician care with mortality in Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) participants.

Keith C. Norris, C. Jurkovitz, Suying Li, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) annual data report 2011: executive summary.

A. Collins, Shu-cheng Chen, A. Whaley-connell, 2012, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

CKD surveillance using administrative data: impact on the health care system.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Who should be targeted for CKD screening? Impact of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

R. Foley, A. Collins, D. Gilbertson, 2009, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in chronic kidney disease.

G. Bakris, A. Collins, Suying Li, 2008, The American journal of medicine.

The Association between Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Hemoglobin in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Participants in the National Kidney Foundationʼs Kidney Early Evaluation Program

Keith C. Norris, C. Jurkovitz, Suying Li, 2013, Cardiorenal Medicine.