Guohai Liu
发表
Guohai Liu,
Jinzhao Zhang,
2008,
2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application.
Guohai Liu,
Yinan Zhang,
Zhaoling Chen,
2009,
2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Yan Jiang,
Penghu Miao,
2014,
2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Yong Su,
2017
.
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Hui Liu,
2014,
Proceeding of the 11th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2017,
2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE).
Guohai Liu,
Ying Liu,
Xiang Gao,
2011,
Expert Syst. Appl..
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Liang Xu,
2019
.
Guohai Liu,
Kangji Li,
Chenglei Hu,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Hongping Jia,
Yue Shen,
2007,
ISNN.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Zheng Wang,
2016,
2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Guohai Liu,
Jihong Zhu,
Xiaoyong Zhu,
2013,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Jiyong Zhang,
2011,
Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronics and Optoelectronics.
Guohai Liu,
Huawei Zhou,
Long Chen,
2016,
2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2015,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Yuhan Ding,
2012,
2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Duo Zhang,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Hao Zhang,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013,
2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Liang Xu,
2018
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Lingling Chen,
2011,
ISNN.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Dong Xu,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Yi Du,
2014,
2014 17th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Cheng Zhou,
Weiguo Tao,
2019,
IEEE Access.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Hao Zhang,
Jiali Lu,
2007,
2007 IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation.
Guohai Liu,
Haixia Xu,
Congli Mei,
2010,
Expert Syst. Appl..
Guohai Liu,
Liang Zhao,
Chong Chen,
2008,
2008 Asia Simulation Conference - 7th International Conference on System Simulation and Scientific Computing.
Guohai Liu,
Shuping Cai,
Guohai Liu,
2016
.
Guohai Liu,
Yonghong Huang,
Yuhan Ding,
2017,
2017 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Duo Zhang,
2019,
2019 25th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC).
Guohai Liu,
Kangji Li,
Wenping Xue,
2017
.
Guohai Liu,
Gaohong Xu,
Qian Chen,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2011,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Lei Cheng,
Kangji Li,
2018,
2018 5th International Conference on Information, Cybernetics, and Computational Social Systems (ICCSS).
Guohai Liu,
Jinghua Ji,
Fangqun Wang,
2012,
2012 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Wei Tang,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jie Chen,
2016,
2016 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Kun Yu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Jinghua Ji,
2014,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Yan Jiang,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2014,
2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).
Guohai Liu,
Ying Xie,
Jinghua Ji,
2014,
2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific).
Guohai Liu,
Zhen Lu,
Huawei Zhou,
2016,
2016 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Yuhan Ding,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Wensheng Gong,
2011,
2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.
Guohai Liu,
Jiyong Zhang,
Guohai Liu,
2013
.
Guohai Liu,
Tairen Sun,
Yuli Wei,
2015,
2015 34th Chinese Control Conference (CCC).
Guohai Liu,
Ying Xie,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2017,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Shuping Cai,
2014
.
Jin Liu,
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2016
.
Guohai Liu,
Zhaoling Chen,
Zicheng Li,
2018,
2018 5th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI).
Xin Yu,
Guohai Liu,
Tairen Sun,
2014,
The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (2014 CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013,
2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Ying Xie,
Huawei Zhou,
2014,
2014 17th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Meimei Xu,
2018
.
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Huawei Zhou,
2008,
2008 International Conference on Neural Networks and Signal Processing.
Jiabin Wang,
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Chunyan Zhang,
Rongbiao Zhang,
2010,
2010 IEEE International Conference on Information Theory and Information Security.
Guohai Liu,
Xinyu Yang,
Liang Xu,
2017,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Li Qu,
Ying Xie,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Yi Zhang,
Jin Zhang,
2011,
2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Huawei Zhou,
2014,
2014 17th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Design and Experimental Validation for Direct-Drive Fault-Tolerant Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machines
Guohai Liu,
Ming Chen,
Qian Chen,
2014,
TheScientificWorldJournal.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Jinghua Ji,
2014,
TheScientificWorldJournal.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Yuhan Ding,
2012,
2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Hong Zheng,
Xingqiao Liu,
2005,
2005 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Duo Zhang,
2019
.
Guohai Liu,
Jing Zhang,
Congli Mei,
2011,
CSIE 2011.
Guohai Liu,
Penghu Miao,
Duo Zhang,
2013,
2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Guohai Liu,
Xuhui Wen,
Feng Zhao,
2013,
2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2012,
Food Analytical Methods.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Gaohong Xu,
2017,
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2012,
IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2012,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Huawei Zhou,
2016,
2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Liang Xu,
2019,
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.
Guohai Liu,
Yi Zhang,
Guohai Liu,
2011
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Jiajun Ni,
2019
.
Huaglory Tianfield,
Guohai Liu,
Wenli Du,
2016,
Soft Computing.
Guohai Liu,
Jinghua Ji,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Duo Zhang,
2013
.
Guohai Liu,
Yuhan Ding,
Xianzhong Dai,
2013
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Gaohong Xu,
2020,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2015,
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.
Guohai Liu,
Zhaoling Chen,
Xiandong Ma,
2017,
Electrical Engineering.
Guohai Liu,
Yan Jiang,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Qian Chen,
2014,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Haixia Xu,
Congli Mei,
2008,
ISICA.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2015,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Fuliang Wang,
2008,
2008 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control.
Guohai Liu,
Xiaoyong Zhu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Yan Jiang,
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Jinghua Ji,
Huawei Zhou,
2017,
2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Hualong Yu,
Xin Zuo,
2016,
Neurocomputing.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Liu,
Jinya Su,
2017,
2017 23rd International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC).
Guohai Liu,
Duo Zhang,
Wensheng Gong,
2013,
2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Yang Wang,
Guohai Liu,
Duo Zhang,
2016,
2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Guohai Liu,
Shuang Yu,
Congli Mei,
2011
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Gaohong Xu,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2017
.
Guohai Liu,
Firas AlOmari,
Guohai Liu,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Yanyang Wang,
2020,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Jing Zhang,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Qian Chen,
2019,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Qian Chen,
2017,
2017 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Gaohong Xu,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Kangji Li,
Wenping Xue,
2016,
CCC 2016.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2015,
2015 18th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Jun Yuan,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2016
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Ming Yang,
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
2016
.
Guohai Liu,
Xia Hou,
Junfeng Zhang,
2010,
Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Jinghua Ji,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Haixia Xu,
Congli Mei,
2010,
2010 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.
Guohai Liu,
Jifeng Shen,
Yonggui He,
2018,
2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC).
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Xiao Xiao,
2010,
2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Firas AlOmari,
Guohai Liu,
2015,
Int. J. Intell. Syst. Technol. Appl..
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2017,
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
Huaglory Tianfield,
Guohai Liu,
Wenli Du,
2016,
Appl. Soft Comput..
Guohai Liu,
Liang Zhao,
Xingqiao Liu,
2009,
GEC '09.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Yicheng Jiang,
2013,
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2014,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Lu Zhou,
2014,
2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Xingke Jiang,
2010,
2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Xuhui Wen,
Huawei Zhou,
2013,
2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).
Guohai Liu,
Liang Xu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Jinghua Ji,
Zhao Wenxiang,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Kangji Li,
Wenping Xue,
2016,
Int. J. Syst. Sci..
Cheng Chen,
Guohai Liu,
Huawei Zhou,
2020,
IEEE Access.
Guohai Liu,
Liang Zhao,
Yang Liu,
2009,
2009 Chinese Control and Decision Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Yan Jiang,
Hao Zhang,
2014,
2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).
Xin Yu,
Guohai Liu,
Tairen Sun,
2014,
The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (2014 CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Hui Liu,
2014,
Proceeding of the 11th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Dong Xu,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Huawei Zhou,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Jian Wang,
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
2017,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Yuhan Ding,
2014,
The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (2014 CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2019,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Firas AlOmari,
Guohai Liu,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Wei Tang,
Jinghua Ji,
2012,
2012 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Jiyong Zhang,
Jinjie Li,
2013
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2015,
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Kangji Li,
2019
.
Guohai Liu,
Hongping Jia,
Yue Shen,
2007,
ISNN.
Guohai Liu,
Ming Cheng,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2014,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Xin Zuo,
Jifeng Shen,
2014,
CCPR.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Chang Geng,
2020,
IEEE Access.
Guohai Liu,
Yan Jiang,
Hao Zhang,
2014,
2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN).
Soft-sensing method based on modified ANN inversion and its application in erythromycin fermentation
Guohai Liu,
Xianzhong Dai,
Yuhan Ding,
2012,
2012 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Liang Xu,
2021,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Hao Zhang,
Xianzhong Dai,
2006,
2006 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control.
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Hui Liu,
2010,
Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Kangji Li,
Wenping Xue,
2015,
2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM).
Guohai Liu,
Zicheng Li,
2013
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Yang Shen,
2017,
2017 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Lingling Chen,
Yan Jiang,
2010,
2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Ling Ding,
2019,
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Jinghua Ji,
2020
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenjie Wu,
Liang Xu,
2020,
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
Guohai Liu,
Hongtao Zhang,
2008,
2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.
Guohai Liu,
Xinhua Zhang,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2013,
2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Liu,
Zhaoling Chen,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Fida Hussain,
Hui Liu,
2019,
2019 25th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC).
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2017,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Penghu Miao,
Duo Zhang,
2013,
2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Duo Zhang,
Yan Jiang,
2013,
2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Zhaoling Chen,
Zhiling Liao,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Chengyan Song,
2020,
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Ming Cheng,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2011,
2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems.
Guohai Liu,
Hao Zhang,
Xianzhong Dai,
2005,
31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2005. IECON 2005..
Guohai Liu,
Jinghua Ji,
Duo Zhang,
2012,
2012 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Yue Shen,
Hui Liu,
2006,
2006 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation.
Xin Yu,
Guohai Liu,
Wuquan Li,
2015,
2015 34th Chinese Control Conference (CCC).
Yong Wang,
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
2020,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2012,
IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.
Guohai Liu,
Ying Xie,
Qian Chen,
2014,
The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (2014 CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Xingqiao Liu,
Yiying Liu,
2009,
2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2014,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Lingling Chen,
2011,
ISNN.
Jian Wang,
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
2016,
2016 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Li Quan,
Xiaoyong Zhu,
2009,
2009 IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Huawei Zhou,
Cheng Chen,
2021,
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Gaohong Xu,
2020,
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Guohai Liu,
2010,
2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2018,
2018 Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC).
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Shang Shi,
Xin Yu,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Congli Mei,
Guohai Liu,
2010,
2010 Third International Joint Conference on Computational Science and Optimization.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Yi Du,
2013,
2013 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS).
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2012,
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.
Guohai Liu,
Firas Al Omari,
Guohai Liu,
2015
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2015,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Zhu Zhu,
Xu Jie,
2008,
2008 International Conference on Neural Networks and Signal Processing.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Yi Du,
2014,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Yonghong Huang,
Congli Mei,
2017
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Huawei Zhou,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Congli Mei,
2012,
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2018,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
Guohai Liu,
Hui Jiang,
Quansheng Chen,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Yuhan Ding,
Firas Al Omari,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Wei Wang,
Hui Jiang,
2017
.
Guohai Liu,
Xin Yu,
2014
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2016,
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.
Guohai Liu,
Qian Chen,
Wenxiang Zhao,
2012
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
M. Xu,
2018
.
Guohai Liu,
Wenxiang Zhao,
Jinghua Ji,
2015,
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.