A Distorted Destination Image? The Case of Turkey

Despite its Mediterranean location, Turkey has been unable to consistently achieve its tourism goals, as evidenced by fluctuating numbers in tourism earnings and a small share of the international tourism market. This discrepancy might be attributed to Turkey’s image in the minds of world travelers. The main purpose of this study was to examine the role of destination image and traveler perceptions along with other behavioral variables in destination choice decisions of potential travelers. A self-administered survey was used to collect data from 552 respondents (58.6% response rate). The findings indicate that perceptions of Turkey’s overall appeal, its safe and hospitable environment, general mood and vacation atmosphere, travel experience, relaxing effect, local attractions and hospitality, authenticity of experience, social and personal communication channels, comfort/safety, and tourist facilitation are significant predictors of the likelihood of travel to Turkey. Some destination marketing strategies are suggested.

[1]  J. N. Goodrich,et al.  The Relationship Between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model , 1978 .

[2]  J. Crompton,et al.  Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time, and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley , 1991 .

[3]  S. J. Backman,et al.  Differentiating Between High, Spurious, Latent, and Low Loyalty Participants in Two Leisure Activities , 1991 .

[4]  A. Woodside,et al.  A General Model Of Traveler Destination Choice , 1989 .

[5]  G. Dann,et al.  Tourists' Images of a Destination-An Alternative Analysis , 1996 .

[6]  R. Britton,et al.  The image of the third world in tourism marketing. , 1979 .

[7]  J. Hunt,et al.  An Analysis of State Image Change Over a Twelve-Year Period (1971-1983 , 1987 .

[8]  J. Crompton,et al.  Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice , 1990 .

[9]  David Mazursky,et al.  PAST EXPERIENCE AND FUTURE TOURISM DECISIONS , 1989 .

[10]  A. Graefe,et al.  Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. , 1998 .

[11]  Cathy H. C. Hsu,et al.  Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations , 2000 .

[12]  J. M. Kittross The measurement of meaning , 1959 .

[13]  John L. Crompton,et al.  An investigation of the relative efficacy of four alternative approaches to importance-performance analysis , 1985 .

[14]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The meaning and measurement of destination image. , 2003 .

[15]  Cultural variations in perceptions of vacation attributes , 1988 .

[16]  L. Moutinho Consumer Behaviour in Tourism , 1987 .

[17]  J. Neulinger The psychology of leisure , 1981 .

[18]  E. Sirakaya,et al.  Assessment of the Relationship Between Perceived Safety At a Vacation Site and Destination Choice Decisions: Extending the Behavioral Decision-Making Model , 1997 .

[19]  T. Baum,et al.  Destination on the edge? The case of the Cook Islands. , 1995 .

[20]  L. Reid,et al.  Marketing in travel and tourism , 1996 .

[21]  Ernest Dichter,et al.  What's In An Image , 1985 .

[22]  Daniel R. Fesenmaier,et al.  Pictorial element of destination in image formation , 1997 .

[23]  Yangzhou Hu,et al.  Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach , 1993 .

[24]  William C. Gartner,et al.  Tourism Image: Attribute Measurement of State Tourism Products Using Multidimensional Scaling Techniques , 1989 .

[25]  Michael D. Reilly Free Elicitation Of Descriptive Adjectives For Tourism Image Assessment , 1990 .

[26]  Geoffrey Wall,et al.  Tourism: Economic, physical, and social impacts , 1982 .

[27]  K. Chon Self-image/destination image congruity. , 1992 .

[28]  Ken W. McCleary,et al.  U.S. International Pleasure Travelers’ Images of Four Mediterranean Destinations: A Comparison of Visitors and Nonvisitors , 1999 .

[29]  M. Havitz,et al.  Introducing an innovative recreational facility: lessons from a success. , 1991 .

[30]  Luisa Andreu,et al.  Projected and Perceived Image of Spain as a Tourist Destination for British Travellers , 2000 .

[31]  C. A. Gunn Vacationscape;: Designing tourist regions , 1972 .

[32]  Jonathan N. Goodrich,et al.  A New Approach to Image Analysis Through Multidimensional Scaling , 1978 .

[33]  J. Hunt Image as a Factor in Tourism Development , 1975 .

[34]  Z. Ahmed The influence of the components of a state's tourist image on product positioning strategy , 1991 .

[35]  Charlotte M. Echtner,et al.  The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment , 1993 .

[36]  David C. Bojanic The use of advertising in managing destination image , 1991 .

[37]  Jane Ehemann What Kind of Place Is Ireland: An Image Perceived Through the American Media , 1977 .

[38]  윤병국 관광마케팅(Tourism Marketing) , 2003 .

[39]  J. Crompton A systems model of the tourist's destination selection decision process with particular reference to the role of image and perceived constraints , 1978 .

[40]  S. Kale,et al.  Marketing Third World Countries to the Western Traveler: The Case of India , 1986 .

[41]  P. Pearce Perceived changes in holiday destinations , 1982 .

[42]  D. Brinberg,et al.  Affective Images of Tourism Destinations , 1997 .

[43]  J. Crompton STRUCTURE OF VACATION DESTINATION CHOICE SETS , 1992 .

[44]  R. McLellan,et al.  Negative Images of the United States as Expressed by Tour Operators From Other Countries , 1983 .

[45]  L. Moutinho,et al.  Tourist destination image. , 1989 .

[46]  R. Riley Prestige-worthy tourism behavior , 1995 .

[47]  W. Fred van Raaij,et al.  Vacation decisions, activities and satisfactions. , 1984 .

[48]  Abdulla M. Alhemoud,et al.  Image of Tourism Attractions in Kuwait , 1996 .

[49]  Antti Haahti,et al.  Tourists Perceptions of Finland and Selected European Countries As Travel Destinations , 1983 .

[50]  T. Baum,et al.  Major markets and island tourism: the US perspective. , 1995 .

[51]  Habib Alipour Tourism development within planning paradigms: the case of Turkey , 1996 .

[52]  Roger J. Calantone,et al.  Multiple Multinational Tourism Positioning Using Correspondence Analysis , 1989 .

[53]  J. Crompton,et al.  The Roles of Perceived Inhibitors and Facilitators in Pleasure Travel Destination Decisions , 1992 .

[54]  M. Sirgy,et al.  Destination Image, Self-Congruity, and Travel Behavior: Toward an Integrative Model , 2000 .

[55]  J. Crompton An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image , 1979 .

[56]  A. Pizam,et al.  The Role of Awareness and Familiarity with a Destination: The Central Florida Case , 1995 .

[57]  D. Dillman Mail and telephone surveys : the total design method , 1979 .

[58]  Kye-Sung Chon,et al.  Tourism destination image modification process: Marketing implications , 1991 .

[59]  Angela Phelps,et al.  Holiday destination image — the problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca , 1986 .