Regulators of the cytoplasmic dynein motor

Eukaryotic cells use cytoskeletal motor proteins to transport many different intracellular cargos. Numerous kinesins and myosins have evolved to cope with the various transport needs that have arisen during eukaryotic evolution. Surprisingly, a single cytoplasmic dynein (a minus end-directed microtubule motor) carries out similarly diverse transport activities as the many different types of kinesin. How is dynein coupled to its wide range of cargos and how is it spatially and temporally regulated? The answer could lie in the several multifunctional adaptors, including dynactin, lissencephaly 1, nuclear distribution protein E (NUDE) and NUDE-like, Bicaudal D, Rod–ZW10–Zwilch and Spindly, that regulate dynein function and localization.

[1]  R. Delanoue,et al.  Dynein Anchors Its mRNA Cargo after Apical Transport in the Drosophila Blastoderm Embryo , 2005, Cell.

[2]  R. Vallee,et al.  The cellular roles of the lissencephaly gene LIS1, and what they tell us about brain development. , 2006, Genes & development.

[3]  C. Walsh,et al.  Cytoplasmic LEK1 is a regulator of microtubule function through its interaction with the LIS1 pathway. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[4]  J. Otlewski,et al.  The structure of the N-terminal domain of the product of the lissencephaly gene Lis1 and its functional implications. , 2004, Structure.

[5]  T. Schroer,et al.  Two-dimensional averaged images of the dynactin complex revealed by single particle analysis. , 2006, Journal of molecular biology.

[6]  C. Doe,et al.  Lis1/dynactin regulates metaphase spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts. , 2008, Developmental biology.

[7]  J. Cooper,et al.  Dynactin Function in Mitotic Spindle Positioning , 2008, Traffic.

[8]  B. Suter,et al.  Drosophila Lissencephaly-1 functions with Bic-D and dynein in oocyte determination and nuclear positioning , 1999, Nature Cell Biology.

[9]  R. Steward,et al.  Functional domains of the Drosophila bicaudal-D protein. , 2000, Genetics.

[10]  J. Cooper,et al.  The role of the lissencephaly protein Pac1 during nuclear migration in budding yeast , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[11]  Arne Gennerich,et al.  Walking the walk: how kinesin and dynein coordinate their steps. , 2009, Current opinion in cell biology.

[12]  A. Kriegstein,et al.  LIS1 RNA interference blocks neural stem cell division, morphogenesis, and motility at multiple stages , 2005, The Journal of cell biology.

[13]  R. Steward,et al.  Bicaudal-D is essential for egg chamber formation and cytoskeletal organization in drosophila oogenesis. , 2001, Developmental biology.

[14]  Samara L. Reck-Peterson,et al.  The Affinity of the Dynein Microtubule-binding Domain Is Modulated by the Conformation of Its Coiled-coil Stalk*[boxs] , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[15]  R. Vallee,et al.  Role of the kinetochore/cell cycle checkpoint protein ZW10 in interphase cytoplasmic dynein function , 2006, The Journal of cell biology.

[16]  J. Cooper,et al.  NudEL targets dynein to microtubule ends through LIS1 , 2005, Nature Cell Biology.

[17]  R. Vale,et al.  Spindly, a novel protein essential for silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint, recruits dynein to the kinetochore , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[18]  David Ish-Horowicz,et al.  Conserved signals and machinery for RNA transport in Drosophila oogenesis and embryogenesis , 2001, Nature.

[19]  I. Zaliapin,et al.  CLIP-170-dependent capture of membrane organelles by microtubules initiates minus-end directed transport. , 2009, Developmental cell.

[20]  Li-Huei Tsai,et al.  NUDEL Is a Novel Cdk5 Substrate that Associates with LIS1 and Cytoplasmic Dynein , 2000, Neuron.

[21]  Ramsés Ayala,et al.  Lis1 and Ndel1 influence the timing of nuclear envelope breakdown in neural stem cells , 2008, The Journal of cell biology.

[22]  D. Gerlich,et al.  Mitotic control of kinetochore-associated dynein and spindle orientation by human Spindly , 2009, The Journal of cell biology.

[23]  M. Sheetz,et al.  Two activators of microtubule-based vesicle transport , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[24]  J. Lippincott-Schwartz,et al.  Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution , 2006, Science.

[25]  M. Tohyama,et al.  Implication of ZW10 in membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi , 2004, The EMBO journal.

[26]  Anna Akhmanova,et al.  Structure-function relationship of CAP-Gly domains , 2007, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[27]  A. Musacchio,et al.  The structure of the coiled-coil domain of Ndel1 and the basis of its interaction with Lis1, the causal protein of Miller-Dieker lissencephaly. , 2007, Structure.

[28]  Ning Li,et al.  Nudel binds Cdc42GAP to modulate Cdc42 activity at the leading edge of migrating cells. , 2008, Developmental cell.

[29]  M. Farkašovský,et al.  Cortical Num1p Interacts with the Dynein Intermediate Chain Pac11p and Cytoplasmic Microtubules in Budding Yeast , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[30]  R. Vale,et al.  Distinct mechanisms govern the localisation of Drosophila CLIP-190 to unattached kinetochores and microtubule plus-ends , 2005, Journal of Cell Science.

[31]  C. Hoogenraad,et al.  A role for the Rab6B Bicaudal-D1 interaction in retrograde transport in neuronal cells. , 2007, Experimental cell research.

[32]  T. Schroer,et al.  Dynactin Is Required for Microtubule Anchoring at Centrosomes , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[33]  J. Ross,et al.  Cargo transport: molecular motors navigate a complex cytoskeleton. , 2008, Current opinion in cell biology.

[34]  C. Hoogenraad,et al.  Bicaudal D induces selective dynein‐mediated microtubule minus end‐directed transport , 2003, The EMBO journal.

[35]  Samara L. Reck-Peterson,et al.  Force-Induced Bidirectional Stepping of Cytoplasmic Dynein , 2007, Cell.

[36]  Samara L. Reck-Peterson,et al.  Molecular dissection of the roles of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis in dynein's AAA domains in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[37]  Steven P Gross,et al.  Developmental Regulation of Vesicle Transport in Drosophila Embryos: Forces and Kinetics , 1998, Cell.

[38]  C. Walsh,et al.  LIS1 Regulates CNS Lamination by Interacting with mNudE, a Central Component of the Centrosome , 2000, Neuron.

[39]  K. Oegema,et al.  A new mechanism controlling kinetochore-microtubule interactions revealed by comparison of two dynein-targeting components: SPDL-1 and the Rod/Zwilch/Zw10 complex. , 2008, Genes & development.

[40]  R. Kitagawa,et al.  SPDL-1 functions as a kinetochore receptor for MDF-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans , 2008, The Journal of cell biology.

[41]  Jonathan A. Cooper,et al.  The offlo ading model for dynein function: diffe rential function of motor subunits , 2005 .

[42]  E V Koonin,et al.  AAA+: A class of chaperone-like ATPases associated with the assembly, operation, and disassembly of protein complexes. , 1999, Genome research.

[43]  X. Yao,et al.  Nudel modulates kinetochore association and function of cytoplasmic dynein in M phase. , 2007, Molecular biology of the cell.

[44]  R. Steward,et al.  Live imaging of Drosophila brain neuroblasts reveals a role for Lis1/dynactin in spindle assembly and mitotic checkpoint control. , 2005, Molecular biology of the cell.

[45]  Gongshe Han,et al.  Dynamics of cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and the effect of a mutation in the dynactin complex actin-related protein Arp1 , 2000, Current Biology.

[46]  U. Wolfrum,et al.  Rhodopsin’s Carboxy-Terminal Cytoplasmic Tail Acts as a Membrane Receptor for Cytoplasmic Dynein by Binding to the Dynein Light Chain Tctex-1 , 1999, Cell.

[47]  C. Hoogenraad,et al.  LIS1, CLIP-170's Key to the Dynein/Dynactin Pathway , 2002, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[48]  N. Morris,et al.  The Lis1-Related Nudf Protein of Aspergillus nidulans Interacts with the Coiled-Coil Domain of the Nude/Ro11 Protein , 2000, The Journal of cell biology.

[49]  L. Tsai,et al.  Regulation of cytoplasmic dynein behaviour and microtubule organization by mammalian Lis1 , 2000, Nature Cell Biology.

[50]  E. Wieschaus,et al.  Dominant maternal-effect mutations of Drosophila melanogaster causing the production of double-abdomen embryos. , 1986, Genetics.

[51]  P. Gönczy,et al.  lis-1 is required for dynein-dependent cell division processes in C. elegans embryos , 2004, Journal of Cell Science.

[52]  H. Arai,et al.  Miller-Dicker lissencephaly gene encodes a subunit of brain platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase , 1994, Nature.

[53]  B. C. Carter,et al.  Cytoplasmic dynein functions as a gear in response to load , 2004, Nature.

[54]  C. Paré,et al.  Subcellular localization of Bic-D::GFP is linked to an asymmetric oocyte nucleus. , 2000, Journal of cell science.

[55]  Conly L. Rieder,et al.  Kinetochore Dynein Is Required for Chromosome Motion and Congression Independent of the Spindle Checkpoint , 2007, Current Biology.

[56]  G. C. Rogers,et al.  Microtubule binding by dynactin is required for microtubule organization but not cargo transport , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[57]  R. Vallee,et al.  A role for cytoplasmic dynein and LIS1 in directed cell movement , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[58]  C. I. Zeeuw,et al.  Bicaudal-D regulates COPI-independent Golgi–ER transport by recruiting the dynein–dynactin motor complex , 2002, Nature Cell Biology.

[59]  A. Wynshaw-Boris,et al.  Lis1 and doublecortin function with dynein to mediate coupling of the nucleus to the centrosome in neuronal migration , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[60]  M. Ikura,et al.  CLIP170 autoinhibition mimics intermolecular interactions with p150Glued or EB1 , 2007, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[61]  Mohan L Gupta,et al.  Cell cycle control of kinesin-mediated transport of Bik1 (CLIP-170) regulates microtubule stability and dynein activation. , 2004, Developmental cell.

[62]  J. Lippincott-Schwartz,et al.  Interferometric fluorescent super-resolution microscopy resolves 3D cellular ultrastructure , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[63]  R. Segal,et al.  A neuron-specific cytoplasmic dynein isoform preferentially transports TrkB signaling endosomes , 2008, The Journal of cell biology.

[64]  Andrew D. Stephens,et al.  A microtubule-binding domain in dynactin increases dynein processivity by skating along microtubules , 2006, Nature Cell Biology.

[65]  J. Morrow,et al.  Spectrin tethers and mesh in the biosynthetic pathway. , 2000, Journal of cell science.

[66]  William Arbuthnot Sir Lane,et al.  Phosphorylation regulates targeting of cytoplasmic dynein to kinetochores during mitosis , 2008, The Journal of cell biology.

[67]  R. Vallee,et al.  NudE and NudEL are required for mitotic progression and are involved in dynein recruitment to kinetochores , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[68]  E. Holzbaur,et al.  Regulation of Dynactin through the Differential Expression of p150Glued Isoforms* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[69]  E. Salmon,et al.  Cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin drives kinetochore protein transport to the spindle poles and has a role in mitotic spindle checkpoint inactivation , 2001, The Journal of cell biology.

[70]  M. Ikura,et al.  Structural basis for the activation of microtubule assembly by the EB1 and p150Glued complex. , 2005, Molecular cell.

[71]  R. Vallee,et al.  Role of dynein, dynactin, and CLIP-170 interactions in LIS1 kinetochore function , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[72]  L. Tsai,et al.  Coupling PAF Signaling to Dynein Regulation Structure of LIS1 in Complex with PAF-Acetylhydrolase , 2004, Neuron.

[73]  S. Karki,et al.  Cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin in cell division and intracellular transport. , 1999, Current opinion in cell biology.

[74]  H. Cai,et al.  The G59S Mutation in p150glued Causes Dysfunction of Dynactin in Mice , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[75]  S. Kumar,et al.  Null mutants of the neurospora actin-related protein 1 pointed-end complex show distinct phenotypes. , 2001, Molecular biology of the cell.

[76]  Stephen S. Taylor,et al.  Cenp-F Links Kinetochores to Ndel1/Nde1/Lis1/Dynein Microtubule Motor Complexes , 2007, Current Biology.

[77]  W. Zwart,et al.  Activation of endosomal dynein motors by stepwise assembly of Rab7–RILP–p150Glued, ORP1L, and the receptor βlll spectrin , 2007, The Journal of cell biology.

[78]  S. Burgess,et al.  AAA+ Ring and Linker Swing Mechanism in the Dynein Motor , 2009, Cell.

[79]  R. Karess,et al.  Kinetochore dynein: its dynamics and role in the transport of the Rough deal checkpoint protein , 2001, Nature Cell Biology.

[80]  Zhanyong Shu,et al.  BicaudalD Actively Regulates Microtubule Motor Activity in Lipid Droplet Transport , 2008, PloS one.

[81]  E. Holzbaur,et al.  Lysosomal proliferation and distal degeneration in motor neurons expressing the G59S mutation in the p150Glued subunit of dynactin. , 2008, Human molecular genetics.

[82]  M. Sheetz,et al.  Single cytoplasmic dynein molecule movements: characterization and comparison with kinesin. , 1995, Biophysical journal.

[83]  D. Ledbetter,et al.  Lissencephaly. A human brain malformation associated with deletion of the LIS1 gene located at chromosome 17p13. , 1993, JAMA.

[84]  E. Nigg,et al.  Phosphorylation by p34cdc2 Protein Kinase Regulates Binding of the Kinesin-related Motor HsEg5 to the Dynactin Subunit p150Glued * , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[85]  Mark Bates,et al.  Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging with Photo-Switchable Fluorescent Probes , 2007, Science.

[86]  R. Fischer,et al.  Accumulation of cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin at microtubule plus ends in Aspergillus nidulans is kinesin dependent. , 2003, Molecular biology of the cell.

[87]  D. Sept,et al.  Neurodegeneration mutations in dynactin impair dynein-dependent nuclear migration , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[88]  Pedro Carvalho,et al.  Determinants of S. cerevisiae Dynein Localization and Activation Implications for the Mechanism of Spindle Positioning , 2003, Current Biology.

[89]  R. Vallee,et al.  A role for the lissencephaly gene LIS1 in mitosis and cytoplasmic dynein function , 2000, Nature Cell Biology.

[90]  A. Musacchio,et al.  Regulation of Cytoplasmic Dynein ATPase by Lis1 , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[91]  Shin J. Oh,et al.  Mutant dynactin in motor neuron disease , 2003, Nature Genetics.

[92]  Ronald D Vale,et al.  The Molecular Motor Toolbox for Intracellular Transport , 2003, Cell.

[93]  N. Morris,et al.  Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[94]  R. Vallee,et al.  Interaction of the p62 subunit of dynactin with Arp1 and the cortical actin cytoskeleton , 1999, Current Biology.

[95]  C. Hoogenraad,et al.  GSK‐3β‐regulated interaction of BICD with dynein is involved in microtubule anchorage at centrosome , 2006, The EMBO journal.

[96]  N. Cole,et al.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes required in the absence of the CIN8-encoded spindle motor act in functionally diverse mitotic pathways. , 1997, Molecular biology of the cell.

[97]  Wei-Lih Lee,et al.  Motor- and Tail-Dependent Targeting of Dynein to Microtubule Plus Ends and the Cell Cortex , 2009, Current Biology.

[98]  N. Stuurman,et al.  Interactions between coiled-coil proteins: Drosophila lamin Dm0 binds to the bicaudal-D protein. , 1999, European journal of cell biology.

[99]  H. Arai,et al.  Miller-Dieker lissencephaly gene encodes a subunit of brain platelet-activating factor , 1994, Nature.

[100]  Mark Bates,et al.  Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy , 2008, Science.

[101]  S. Bullock,et al.  Guidance of Bidirectional Motor Complexes by mRNA Cargoes through Control of Dynein Number and Activity , 2006, Current Biology.

[102]  R. Lehmann,et al.  Egalitarian binds dynein light chain to establish oocyte polarity and maintain oocyte fate , 2004, Nature Cell Biology.

[103]  T. Schroer,et al.  Role of dynactin in endocytic traffic: effects of dynamitin overexpression and colocalization with CLIP-170. , 1999, Molecular biology of the cell.

[104]  V. P. Efimov,et al.  Roles of NUDE and NUDF proteins of Aspergillus nidulans: insights from intracellular localization and overexpression effects. , 2003, Molecular biology of the cell.

[105]  S. Karki,et al.  Affinity Chromatography Demonstrates a Direct Binding between Cytoplasmic Dynein and the Dynactin Complex * , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[106]  Xiumin Yan,et al.  Nudel functions in membrane traffic mainly through association with Lis1 and cytoplasmic dynein , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[107]  E. V. van Munster,et al.  Conformational changes in CLIP-170 regulate its binding to microtubules and dynactin localization , 2004, The Journal of cell biology.

[108]  S. Varambally,et al.  Structure and Functional Role of Dynein's Microtubule-Binding Domain , 2008, Science.

[109]  B. Byrne,et al.  A role for regulated binding of p150Glued to microtubule plus ends in organelle transport , 2002, The Journal of cell biology.

[110]  Yale E Goldman,et al.  Kinesin and dynein-dynactin at intersecting microtubules: motor density affects dynein function. , 2008, Biophysical journal.

[111]  S. Burgess,et al.  Dynein structure and power stroke , 2003, Nature.

[112]  C. Hoogenraad,et al.  Mammalian Golgi‐associated Bicaudal‐D2 functions in the dynein–dynactin pathway by interacting with these complexes , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[113]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The genetics of the dorsal-Bicaudal-D region of Drosophila melanogaster. , 1986, Genetics.

[114]  J. Cooper,et al.  Microtubule Interactions with the Cell Cortex Causing Nuclear Movements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 2000, The Journal of cell biology.

[115]  S. Bullock,et al.  Egalitarian is a selective RNA-binding protein linking mRNA localization signals to the dynein motor. , 2009, Genes & development.

[116]  Xiaolin Nan,et al.  Organelle tracking in a living cell with microsecond time resolution and nanometer spatial precision. , 2008, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[117]  M. Setou,et al.  LIS1 and NDEL1 coordinate the plus‐end‐directed transport of cytoplasmic dynein , 2008, The EMBO journal.

[118]  N. Morris,et al.  Isolation of a new set of Aspergillus nidulans mutants defective in nuclear migration , 1999, Current Genetics.

[119]  P. J. Vierula,et al.  A gene required for nuclear migration in Neurospora crassa codes for a protein with cysteine‐rich, LIM/RING‐like domains , 1997, Molecular microbiology.

[120]  E. Holzbaur,et al.  βIII Spectrin Binds to the Arp1 Subunit of Dynactin* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[121]  Robert A. Bloodgood,et al.  The reciprocal coordination and mechanics of molecular motors in living cells , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[122]  S. Burgess,et al.  Helix sliding in the stalk coiled coil of dynein couples ATPase and microtubule binding , 2009, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[123]  T. Schroer,et al.  Dynactin increases the processivity of the cytoplasmic dynein motor , 1999, Nature Cell Biology.

[124]  Samara L. Reck-Peterson,et al.  Regulatory ATPase Sites of Cytoplasmic Dynein Affect Processivity and Force Generation*S⃞ , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[125]  M. Steinmetz,et al.  Key interaction modes of dynamic +TIP networks. , 2006, Molecular cell.

[126]  T. Schroer,et al.  Analysis of the dynein-dynactin interaction in vitro and in vivo. , 2003, Molecular biology of the cell.

[127]  M. Sheetz,et al.  Dynactin, a conserved, ubiquitously expressed component of an activator of vesicle motility mediated by cytoplasmic dynein , 1991, The Journal of cell biology.

[128]  S. Karki,et al.  Centractin (ARP1) associates with spectrin revealing a potential mechanism to link dynactin to intracellular organelles , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[129]  Gongshe Han,et al.  The Aspergillus cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain and NUDF localize to microtubule ends and affect microtubule dynamics , 2001, Current Biology.

[130]  K. Fischbeck,et al.  A motor neuron disease–associated mutation in p150Glued perturbs dynactin function and induces protein aggregation , 2006, The Journal of cell biology.

[131]  Samara L. Reck-Peterson,et al.  Single-Molecule Analysis of Dynein Processivity and Stepping Behavior , 2006, Cell.

[132]  A. Wynshaw-Boris,et al.  A LIS1/NUDEL/Cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy Chain Complex in the Developing and Adult Nervous System , 2000, Neuron.

[133]  C. Walsh,et al.  Mitotic Spindle Regulation by Nde1 Controls Cerebral Cortical Size , 2004, Neuron.

[134]  N. Morris,et al.  Characterization and localization of the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain in Aspergillus nidulans. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[135]  W. Timberlake,et al.  Aspergillus nidulans apsA (anucleate primary sterigmata) encodes a coiled-coil protein required for nuclear positioning and completion of asexual development , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[136]  R. Vallee,et al.  Dual subcellular roles for LIS1 and dynein in radial neuronal migration in live brain tissue , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[137]  L. Tsai,et al.  Ndel1 Operates in a Common Pathway with LIS1 and Cytoplasmic Dynein to Regulate Cortical Neuronal Positioning , 2004, Neuron.

[138]  Daniel A Starr,et al.  ZW10 Helps Recruit Dynactin and Dynein to the Kinetochore , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[139]  C. Waterman-Storer,et al.  The p150Glued component of the dynactin complex binds to both microtubules and the actin-related protein centractin (Arp-1). , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[140]  A. Desai,et al.  Kinetochore-microtubule interactions: the means to the end. , 2008, Current opinion in cell biology.

[141]  Samara L. Reck-Peterson,et al.  Regulation of the processivity and intracellular localization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae dynein by dynactin , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[142]  M. Plamann,et al.  Dynactin–membrane interaction is regulated by the C‐terminal domains of p150Glued , 2001, EMBO reports.

[143]  R. Vallee,et al.  Direct Interaction of Pericentrin with Cytoplasmic Dynein Light Intermediate Chain Contributes to Mitotic Spindle Organization , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[144]  T. Schroer,et al.  Analysis of Dynactin Subcomplexes Reveals a Novel Actin-Related Protein Associated with the Arp1 Minifilament Pointed End , 1999, The Journal of cell biology.

[145]  R. Vallee,et al.  Cytoplasmic dynein binds dynactin through a direct interaction between the intermediate chains and p150Glued , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[146]  Juan Du,et al.  Silencing Mitosin Induces Misaligned Chromosomes, Premature Chromosome Decondensation before Anaphase Onset, and Mitotic Cell Death , 2005, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[147]  Ram Dixit,et al.  Differential Regulation of Dynein and Kinesin Motor Proteins by Tau , 2008, Science.

[148]  Richard B. Vallee,et al.  An extended microtubule-binding structure within the dynein motor domain , 1997, Nature.

[149]  Rainer Pepperkok,et al.  Coupling of ER exit to microtubules through direct interaction of COPII with dynactin , 2005, Nature Cell Biology.

[150]  X. Xie,et al.  Probing dynein and kinesin stepping with mechanical manipulation in a living cell. , 2009, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[151]  Hideo Higuchi,et al.  Overlapping hand-over-hand mechanism of single molecular motility of cytoplasmic dynein. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[152]  E. Holzbaur,et al.  Functionally distinct isoforms of dynactin are expressed in human neurons. , 1996, Molecular biology of the cell.

[153]  J. Yates,et al.  ZW10 links mitotic checkpoint signaling to the structural kinetochore , 2005, The Journal of cell biology.

[154]  T. Schroer,et al.  Dynactin Enhances the Processivity of Kinesin‐2 , 2007, Traffic.

[155]  G. Gundersen,et al.  Nuclear Movement Regulated by Cdc42, MRCK, Myosin, and Actin Flow Establishes MTOC Polarization in Migrating Cells , 2005, Cell.

[156]  J. Cooper,et al.  Ultrastructural analysis of the dynactin complex: an actin-related protein is a component of a filament that resembles F-actin , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.

[157]  R. Karess,et al.  In Vivo Dynamics of the Rough Deal Checkpoint Protein during Drosophila Mitosis , 2004, Current Biology.

[158]  I. Vernos,et al.  Dynactin is required for bidirectional organelle transport , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[159]  Xiangshan Zhao,et al.  Human Nudel and NudE as Regulators of Cytoplasmic Dynein in Poleward Protein Transport along the Mitotic Spindle , 2003, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[160]  V. Mureşan,et al.  Dynactin-dependent, dynein-driven vesicle transport in the absence of membrane proteins: a role for spectrin and acidic phospholipids. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[161]  Kazuo Sutoh,et al.  Distinct functions of nucleotide-binding/hydrolysis sites in the four AAA modules of cytoplasmic dynein. , 2004, Biochemistry.

[162]  Yun Liang,et al.  Kinetochore dynein generates a poleward pulling force to facilitate congression and full chromosome alignment , 2007, Cell Research.