Collaborative planning and situation awareness in Army command and control

We conducted a theoretical investigation of a complex command and control (C2) operation—the manoeuvres planning processes in Army land-battle situations, to improve understanding of how technology can best be designed to support planning and course of action development. We drew upon results from cognitive task analyses and interviews with subject matter experts and insights gleaned from observations of Army training exercises and experiments to make inferences on the C2 activities carried out in preparation for tactical manoeuvres. In this paper, we summarize several critical human factors issues associated with planning in a rapidly evolving environment, as identified in our investigation, and describe system design concepts aimed at addressing these challenges to distributed collaborative planning of C2 activities. We conclude with implications for the application of these findings to other C2 domains.

[1]  Klas Wallenius,et al.  A Generic Model of Management and Command and Control , 2002 .

[2]  H. Artman,et al.  Team situation assessment and information distribution , 2000, Ergonomics.

[3]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Situation Awareness Oriented Design: From User's Cognitive Requirements to Creating Effective Supporting Technologies , 2003 .

[4]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Designing for Situation Awareness : An Approach to User-Centered Design , 2003 .

[5]  J. Dowell,et al.  A case study of co-ordinative decision-making in disaster management , 2000, Ergonomics.

[6]  Eric Heilman,et al.  Research in Modeling and Simulation for Command and Control , 2000 .

[7]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Choosing Team Collaboration Tools: Lessons from Disaster Recovery Efforts , 2005 .

[8]  J M Schraagen,et al.  Effects of two types of intra-team feedback on developing a shared mental model in Command & Control teams , 2000, Ergonomics.

[9]  Jeremy W. Baxter,et al.  A hierarchical distributed planning framework for simulated battlefield entities , 2000 .

[10]  K. Shadan,et al.  Available online: , 2012 .

[11]  Raanan Lipshitz,et al.  How Decision-Makers Cope with Uncertainty , 1996 .

[12]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  A Survey of Situation Awareness Requirements in Air-to-Air Combat Fighters , 1993 .

[13]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems , 1995, Hum. Factors.

[14]  David Mendonça,et al.  Decision support for improvisation during emergency response operations , 2001 .

[15]  Mica R. Endsley,et al.  Direct Measurement of Situation Awareness: Validity and Use of SAGAT , 2000 .

[16]  Gary Klein,et al.  Decision Making in Complex Naval Command-and-Control Environments , 1996, Hum. Factors.

[17]  Gary Klein,et al.  Distributed Planning Teams , 1999 .

[18]  Marvin L. Thordsen,et al.  Decision Making in Complex Naval Command-and-Control Environments , 1996, Hum. Factors.