Optical Fiber High Temperature Sensor Instrumentation for Energy Intensive Industries

This report summarizes technical progress during the program “Optical Fiber High Temperature Sensor Instrumentation for Energy Intensive Industries”, performed by the Center for Photonics Technology of the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. The objective of this program was to use technology recently invented at Virginia Tech to develop and demonstrate the application of self-calibrating optical fiber temperature and pressure sensors to several key energy-intensive industries where conventional, commercially available sensors exhibit greatly abbreviated lifetimes due primarily to environmental degradation. A number of significant technologies were developed under this program, including • a laser bonded silica high temperature fiber sensor with a high temperature capability up to 700°C and a frequency response up to 150 kHz, • the world’s smallest fiber Fabry-Perot high temperature pressure sensor (125 x 20 μm) with 700°C capability, • UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors for distributed measurement, • a single crystal sapphire fiber-based sensor with a temperature capability up to 1600°C. These technologies have been well demonstrated and laboratory tested. Our work plan included conducting major field tests of these technologies at EPRI, Corning, Pratt & Whitney, and Global Energy; field validation of the technology is critical to ensuring its usefulness to U.S. industries. Unfortunately, due to budget cuts, DOE was unable to follow through with its funding commitment to support Energy Efficiency Science Initiative projects and this final phase was eliminated.

[1]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Grating-assisted operating-point tuning for fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[2]  Kwok-Wai Cheung,et al.  Integrated-Optic Acoustically-Tunable Filters for WDM Networks , 1990, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[3]  Robert Lewis Reuben,et al.  Embedded micromachined fiber-optic Fabry-Perot pressure sensors in aerodynamics applications , 2003 .

[4]  Zhuang Wang,et al.  UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors and their multiplexing for temperature and strain sensing , 2006, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[5]  Robert Frank,et al.  Frequency-division-multiplexed Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber sensors for temperature monitoring in a selective catalytic reduction unit , 2005, SPIE Optics East.

[6]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Measurement of the frequency response of a diaphragm-based pressure sensor by use of a pulsed excimer laser. , 2005, Optics letters.

[7]  Steven Kay,et al.  A Fast and Accurate Single Frequency Estimator , 2022 .

[8]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Sapphire-fiber-based white-light interferometric sensor for high-temperature measurements. , 2005, Optics letters.

[9]  James E. Harvey,et al.  Fourier treatment of near‐field scalar diffraction theory , 1979 .

[10]  A. Kersey.  A Review of Recent Developments in Fiber Optic Sensor Technology , 1996 .

[11]  Joseph T. Boyd,et al.  Optically interrogated MEMS pressure sensors for propulsion applications , 2001 .

[12]  Kenneth T. V. Grattan,et al.  Thulium-doped fiber optic decay-time temperature sensors: Characterization of high temperature performance , 2000 .

[13]  Pascal Normand,et al.  Ultraminiature silicon capacitive pressure-sensing elements obtained by silicon fusion bonding , 1998 .

[14]  Anthony D. Kurtz,et al.  Operation of α(6H)-SiC pressure sensor at 500 °C , 1998 .

[15]  N Delen,et al.  Verification and comparison of a fast fourier transform-based full diffraction method for tilted and offset planes. , 2001, Applied optics.

[16]  Henry F Taylor,et al.  Multiplexed fiber Fabry-Perot temperature sensor system using white-light interferometry. , 2002, Optics letters.

[17]  D. Sadot,et al.  Tunable optical filters for dense WDM networks , 1998, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[18]  T. Gogolla,et al.  Spontaneous Raman scattering in optical fibers with modulated probe light for distributed temperature Raman remote sensing , 1999 .

[19]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Novel ablation of fused quartz by preirradiation of vacuum‐ultraviolet laser beams followed by fourth harmonics irradiation of Nd:YAG laser , 1994 .

[20]  Aleksandr V Simakin,et al.  Fast etching of sapphire by a visible range quasi-cw laser radiation , 1996 .

[21]  E. W. Marchand,et al.  Comparison of the Kirchhoff and the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld Theories of Diffraction at an Aperture , 1964 .

[22]  Bing Qi,et al.  Double‐Tubing Encapsulated Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor , 2003 .

[23]  K.-W. Cheung,et al.  Wavelength-tunable optical filters: applications and technologies , 1989, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[24]  Denis Donlagic,et al.  Miniature fiber optic pressure sensor for medical applications , 2002, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors.

[25]  W. Peng,et al.  Novel data processing techniques for dispersive white light interferometer , 2003 .

[26]  P. Meyrueis,et al.  Near-field Fresnel diffraction: improvement of a numerical propagator , 1998 .

[27]  Limin Tong.  Single-crystal Y2O3-ZrO2 rectangular waveguides for ultrahigh-temperature sensing applications. , 2002, Applied optics.

[28]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Detection of acoustic emission location using optical fiber sensors , 1994, Smart Structures.

[29]  Mario Di Giovanni,et al.  Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook , 1982 .

[30]  A. Crunteanu,et al.  Comparative study on methods to structure sapphire , 2003 .

[31]  Toshihiko Yoshino,et al.  Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Interferometer and its Sensor Applications , 1982 .

[32]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Fiber Fabry-Perot sensors for detection of partial discharges in power transformers. , 2003, Applied optics.

[33]  Gary Pickrell,et al.  UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber sensors , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[34]  H. Taylor,et al.  Embedded fiber-optic Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor , 1990, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[35]  T. Watanabe,et al.  Diaphragm-type optical fiber pressure sensor with a sleeve for fiber insertion , 2003, MHS2003. Proceedings of 2003 International Symposium on Micromechatronics and Human Science (IEEE Cat. No.03TH8717).

[36]  J. Dakin.  Optical Fiber Sensors: Principles and Components , 1988 .

[37]  R. Kist.  Point sensor multiplexing principles , 1989 .

[38]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Single-crystal sapphire fiber-based strain sensor for high-temperature applications , 2003 .

[39]  J S Sirkis,et al.  In-line fiber étalon for strain measurement. , 1993, Optics letters.

[40]  Arkady S. Voloshin,et al.  Advanced signal processing method for interferometric fiber optic sensors with straightforward spectral detection , 1998, Other Conferences.

[41]  Henry F. Taylor,et al.  In-line fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer with high-reflectance internal mirrors , 1992 .

[42]  A. V. Khomenko,et al.  Precision and sensitivity optimization for white-light interferometric fiber-optic sensors , 2001 .

[43]  M. Schmidt,et al.  Fiber-optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensors with three-wavelength digital phase demodulation. , 1999, Optics letters.

[44]  W. Tsai,et al.  A novel structure for the intrinsic Fabry-Perot fiber-optic temperature sensor , 2001 .

[45]  Eric Bourillot,et al.  Reproducible optical fiber tips for photon scanning tunneling microscopy with very small (<5/spl deg/) cone angle , 1998 .

[46]  Xingwei Wang,et al.  High-temperature thermometer with fiber optic readout , 2005, SPIE Optics East.

[47]  K.T.V. Grattan,et al.  A multiplexing scheme for optical fibre interferometric sensors using an fmcw generated carrier , 1992, 8th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference.

[48]  William H. Tranter,et al.  Principles of Communication Systems Simulation with Wireless Applications , 2004 .

[49]  C Nicolini,et al.  Cholesterol biosensors prepared by layer-by-layer technique. , 2001, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[50]  A. V. Khomenko,et al.  Interferometric fiber-optic temperature sensor with spiral polarization couplers , 1998 .

[51]  G. Lammel,et al.  Tunable optical filter of porous silicon as key component for a MEMS spectrometer , 2002 .

[52]  S. L. Semjonov,et al.  High Sensitive Fiber Interferometric Pressure Sensor , 1996 .

[53]  J. Hudson.  Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction in optical systems: an approximate computational algorithm. , 1984, Applied optics.

[54]  F. Koyama,et al.  Design and fabrication of GaAs-GaAlAs micromachined tunable filter with thermal strain control , 2003 .

[55]  W. Sorin,et al.  Multiplexed sensing using optical low-coherence reflectometry , 1995, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[56]  T. Horiguchi,et al.  Distributed-temperature sensing using stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical silica fibers. , 1990, Optics letters.

[57]  K. Cooper,et al.  All-fused-silica miniature optical fiber tip pressure sensor. , 2006, Optics letters.

[58]  A B Tveten,et al.  Time-division multiplexing of interferometric fiber sensors using passive phase-generated carrier interrogation. , 1987, Optics letters.

[59]  Zhuang Wang,et al.  Novel Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensor with multiple applications , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[60]  M. Reiche,et al.  The Role of Surface Chemistry in Bonding of Standard Silicon Wafers , 1997 .

[61]  James S. Sirkis.  Smart Structures and Materials 1994: Smart Sensing, Processing, and Instrumentation , 1994 .

[62]  H. Taylor,et al.  Optical-fiber Fabry-Perot embedded sensor. , 1989, Optics letters.

[63]  V. Spirin,et al.  Multiplexed twin Bragg grating interferometric sensor , 2002, 2002 15th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference Technical Digest. OFS 2002(Cat. No.02EX533).

[64]  John P. Dakin.  Distributed optical fiber sensors , 1993, Other Conferences.

[65]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Multimeasurand multiplexed extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors , 1994, Smart Structures.

[66]  Jose H. Hodak,et al.  Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly of Glucose Oxidase with a Poly(allylamine)ferrocene Redox Mediator , 1997 .

[67]  James S. Sirkis,et al.  In-line fiber etalon (ILFE) fiber-optic strain sensors , 1995 .

[68]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Micromachined SiC fiber optic pressure sensors for high-temperature aerospace applications , 2000, SPIE Optics East.

[69]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Multiplexed absolute strain measurements using extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers , 1995, Smart Structures.

[70]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Miniature fiber-optic pressure sensor , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[71]  B. Wolff-Rottke,et al.  Excimer laser micro machining of inorganic dielectrics , 1996 .

[72]  Jun Wang,et al.  One-step microfabrication of fused silica by laser ablation of an organic solution , 1999 .

[73]  M. Esashi,et al.  Vacuum sealed ultra miniature fiber-optic pressure sensor using white light interferometry , 2003, TRANSDUCERS '03. 12th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.03TH8664).

[74]  R. Claus,et al.  Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Optical Fiber Sensor , 1992, 8th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference.

[75]  D. Marcuse.  Loss analysis of single-mode fiber splices , 1977, The Bell System Technical Journal.

[76]  R. Claus,et al.  Advances in sapphire-fiber-based intrinsic interferometric sensors. , 1992, Optics letters.

[77]  Anbo Wang.  Optical fiber sensors for energy-production and energy-intensive industries , 2002, SPIE/COS Photonics Asia.

[78]  D. N. Fry,et al.  Advanced turbine systems sensors and controls needs assessment study. Final report , 1997 .

[79]  N. Delen,et al.  Free-space beam propagation between arbitrarily oriented planes based on full diffraction theory: a fast Fourier transform approach , 1998 .

[80]  M. S. Nawrocka,et al.  Coherence-multiplexed fiber-optic sensor systems for measurements of dynamic pressure and temperature changes , 2001, IMTC 2001. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. Rediscovering Measurement in the Age of Informatics (Cat. No.01CH 37188).

[81]  Yanbiao Liao,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of down-hole high pressure and temperature with a bulk-modulus and FBG sensor , 2002 .

[82]  Ming Han,et al.  Signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors. , 2004, Optics letters.

[83]  Xingwei Wang,et al.  Vacuum-sealed high temperature high bandwidth fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors , 2005, SPIE Optics East.

[84]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Broadband photoinduced Fresnel reflectors , 1994, Proceedings of LEOS'94.

[85]  Juncheng Xu,et al.  Label-free DNA sequence detection using oligonucleotide functionalized optical fiber , 2006 .

[86]  Xueguang Qiao,et al.  Distributed optical fiber Bragg grating sensor for simultaneous measurement of pressure and temperature in the oil and gas downhole , 2002, SPIE ITCom.

[87]  S. Krishnaswamy,et al.  Stabilization of an embedded fiber optic Fabry-Perot sensor for ultrasound detection , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[88]  A. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexing of interferometric sensors using phase carrier techniques , 1987 .

[89]  J. Heurtley.  Scalar Rayleigh–Sommerfeld and Kirchhoff diffraction integrals: A comparison of exact evaluations for axial points* , 1973 .

[90]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Frequency-estimation-based signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers. , 2005, Applied optics.

[91]  Thermally tunable extrinsic Fabry-Perot filter , 2004, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[92]  K. Cooper,et al.  Miniature all-silica fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors. , 2005, Optics letters.

[93]  T. Ohmi,et al.  Principles of wet chemical processing in ULSI microfabrication , 1991 .

[94]  Henry F. Taylor,et al.  Interferometric optical fibre sensors using internal mirrors , 1988 .

[95]  W. Rees.  The validity of the Fresnel approximation , 1987 .

[96]  Vincent A. Handerek,et al.  High resolution fibre Bragg grating sensor demodulation using a diffraction grating spectrometer and CCD detection , 1997 .

[97]  J. S. Sirkis,et al.  Simultaneously measuring temperature and strain using optical fiber microcavities , 1997 .

[98]  C. Belleville,et al.  White-light interferometric multimode fiber-optic strain sensor. , 1993, Optics letters.

[99]  M. Froggatt,et al.  Distributed measurement of static strain in an optical fiber with multiple bragg gratings at nominally equal wavelengths. , 1998, Applied optics.

[100]  Alan D. Kersey.  Demonstration of a hybrid time/wavelength division multiplexed interferometric fibre sensor array , 1991 .

[101]  Juncheng Xu,et al.  Precise cavity length control in fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers , 2005, (CLEO). Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2005..

[102]  Jon Geist,et al.  Measurement of the silver freezing point with an optical fiber thermometer: Proof of concept , 1986 .

[103]  Limin Tong.  Multidoped zirconia ceramic probe for fiber optic contact measurement of ultrahigh temperatures in oxidative atmosphere , 2002, SPIE Optics East.

[104]  Peter Enoksson,et al.  A free-hanging strain-gauge for ultraminiaturized pressure sensors , 2002 .

[105]  William F. Cullinane,et al.  Gas turbine engine validation instrumentation: measurements, sensors, and needs , 1999, Optics East.

[106]  Yilu Liu,et al.  Position location of partial discharges in power transformers using fiber acoustic sensor arrays , 2006 .

[107]  Juncheng Xu,et al.  Tunable-optical-filter-based white-light interferometry for sensing. , 2005, Optics letters.

[108]  Henry F. Taylor,et al.  Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot temperature sensor using a low-coherence light source , 1991 .

[109]  P. J. Nash,et al.  Large-scale multiplexing of interferometric fiber-optic sensors using TDM and DWDM , 2001 .

[110]  Xingwei Wang,et al.  Miniature fiber optic pressure and temperature sensors , 2005, SPIE Optics East.

[111]  Jakob J. Stamnes,et al.  Focusing of two-dimensional waves , 1981 .

[112]  W. Peng,et al.  High-temperature fiber optic cubic-zirconia pressure sensor - article no. 124402 , 2005 .

[113]  H F Taylor,et al.  Metal-embedded fiber-optic Fabry-Perot sensors. , 1991, Optics letters.

[114]  L. Stulz,et al.  Pigtailed high-finesse tunable fibre Fabry-Perot interferometers with large, medium and small free spectral ranges , 1987 .

[115]  Gerard Franklyn Fernando,et al.  Multiplexed optical fibre Fabry-Perot sensors for strain metrology , 1999 .

[116]  Pekka Savander,et al.  Microlens arrays etched into glass and silicon , 1994 .

[117]  J. S. Sirkis,et al.  Passive signal processing of in-line fiber etalon sensors for high strain-rate loading , 1997 .

[118]  K. Hill,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview , 1997 .

[119]  M. Kohashi,et al.  A fiber-optic pressure microsensor for biomedical applications , 1998 .

[120]  N. Djeu,et al.  Operation of Yb:YAG fiber-optic temperature sensor up to 1600 °C , 2002 .

[121]  Zhuang Wang,et al.  Verifying an all fused silica miniature optical fiber tip pressure sensor performance with turbine engine field test , 2005, SPIE Optics East.

[122]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Absolute sapphire optical fiber sensor for high temperature applications , 1997, Proceedings IEEE SOUTHEASTCON '97. 'Engineering the New Century'.

[123]  Xingwei Wang,et al.  Epoxy-free high-temperature fiber optic pressure sensors for gas turbine engine applications , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[124]  É. Lalor,et al.  Conditions for the Validity of the Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves , 1968 .

[125]  Sheila Rowan,et al.  Mechanical losses associated with the technique of hydroxide-catalysis bonding of fused silica , 1998 .

[126]  R. Claus,et al.  Sapphire-fiber-based intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer. , 1992, Optics letters.

[127]  Steven A. Tretter,et al.  Estimating the frequency of a noisy sinusoid by linear regression , 1985, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[128]  Juncheng Xu,et al.  Diaphragm-based extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensor for acoustic wave detection under high background pressure , 2005 .

[129]  A. Kersey,et al.  Fiber Bragg grating array sensor system using a bandpass wavelength division multiplexer and interferometric detection , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[130]  Wolfgang Goetze,et al.  Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer vibration and acoustic sensor systems for airport ground traffic monitoring , 1997 .

[131]  Jun Wang,et al.  Self-calibrated interferometric/intensity-based optical fiber sensors , 1998, Other Conferences.

[132]  S C Huang,et al.  Time-division multiplexing of polarization-insensitive fiber-optic Michelson interferometric sensors. , 1995, Optics letters.

[133]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Grating-assisted demodulation of interferometric optical sensors. , 2003, Applied optics.

[134]  Anthony D. Kurtz,et al.  Latest Ruggedized High Temperature Piezoresistive Transducers , 2003 .

[135]  R O Claus,et al.  Quadrature phase-shifted, extrinsic Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensors. , 1991, Optics letters.

[136]  D. Jackson,et al.  Fibre-optic interferometric sensor utilising low coherence length source: resolution enhancement , 1988 .

[137]  E. Saaski,et al.  Development of medical pressure and temperature sensors employing optical spectrum modulation , 1991, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[138]  F. Kullander.  Code division multiplexing in interferometric optical fiber sensor networks , 2002, 2002 15th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference Technical Digest. OFS 2002(Cat. No.02EX533).

[139]  Wade J. Pulliam,et al.  High-temperature high-bandwidth fiber optic MEMS pressure-sensor technology for turbine engine component testing , 2002, SPIE Optics East.

[140]  Robert Boorstyn,et al.  Single tone parameter estimation from discrete-time observations , 1974, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[141]  Joseph T. Boyd,et al.  Novel MEMS pressure and temperature sensors fabricated on optical fibers , 2002 .

[142]  Wei Huo,et al.  Optical fiber sensor-based detection of partial discharges in power transformers , 2001 .

[143]  M. Fonseca,et al.  Wireless micromachined ceramic pressure sensor for high-temperature applications , 2002 .

[144]  B. T. Meggitt,et al.  Digital signal-processing techniques for electronically scanned optical-fiber white-light interferometry. , 1992, Applied optics.

[145]  Junchang Li,et al.  FFT calculation for Fresnel diffraction and energy conservation criterion of sampling quality , 2002, SPIE/COS Photonics Asia.

[146]  B. T. Meggitt.  Fiber optic white-light interferometric sensors , 1995 .

[147]  Shudong Jiang,et al.  Reproducible Fabrication Technique of Nanometric Tip Diameter Fiber Probe for Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope , 1992 .

[148]  W. Kang,et al.  Diamond microelectromechanical sensors for pressure and acceleration sensing , 2001, 2001 Microelectromechanical Systems Conference (Cat. No. 01EX521).

[149]  William H. Southwell,et al.  Validity of the Fresnel approximation in the near field , 1981 .

[150]  Alfredo Dubra,et al.  Diffracted field by an arbitrary aperture , 1999 .

[151]  B. Y. Kim,et al.  Coherence multiplexing of fiber-optic interferometric sensors , 1985 .

[152]  Y. Kim,et al.  Micromachined Fabry-Perot cavity pressure transducer , 1995, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[153]  D. Abeysinghe,et al.  A novel MEMS pressure sensor fabricated on an optical fiber , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[154]  N. Mukunda,et al.  Consistency of Rayleigh’s Diffraction Formulas with Kirchhoff’s Boundary Conditions* , 1962 .

[155]  Zhengyu Huang,et al.  Fiber optic high-temperature thermometer using sapphire fiber , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[156]  John P. Dakin,et al.  Interrogation of fibre-optic interferometric sensors using acousto-optic tunable filter , 1995 .

[157]  Xiaoke Wan,et al.  Monitoring and multiplexing technique for interferometric fiber optic sensors with a linearly chirped Er:fiber laser. , 2002, Applied optics.

[158]  Takatsugu Masuda,et al.  Sapphire-based capacitive pressure sensor for high temperature and harsh environment application , 2002, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors.

[159]  R. Dils.  High‐temperature optical fiber thermometer , 1983 .

[160]  Anbo Wang,et al.  Fast-Fourier-transform based numerical integration method for the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula. , 2006, Applied optics.

[161]  Xingwei Wang,et al.  Miniature optical fiber sensor for pressure measurements , 2006, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[162]  M. Totzeck.  Validity of the scalar Kirchhoff and Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction theories in the near field of small phase objects , 1991 .

[163]  Y. Haga,et al.  MICROMACHINED 125μm DIAMETER ULTRA MINIATURE FIBER-OPTIC PRESSURE SENSOR FOR CATHETER , 2000 .

[164]  Anbo Wang,et al.  A novel temperature-insensitive optical fiber pressure sensor for harsh environments , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[165]  R. Kashyap.  Fiber Bragg Gratings , 1999 .

[166]  Shiping Chen,et al.  Two-dimensional encoding scheme for digital spatial domain multiplexed large-scale optical fiber sensor arrays , 1997 .

[167]  Wing Ng,et al.  Miniature fiber optic pressure sensor for turbine engines , 2004, SPIE Optics East.

[168]  William L. Briggs,et al.  The DFT : An Owner's Manual for the Discrete Fourier Transform , 1987 .

[169]  M. Fukuhara,et al.  High Temperature-Elastic Moduli and Internal Dilational and Shear Frictions of Fused Quartz. , 1994 .

[170]  David Ashkenasi,et al.  Laser processing of sapphire with picosecond and sub-picosecond pulses , 1997 .

[171]  A. Wang,et al.  Optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor for magnetic field measurement , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[172]  Y. Lo.  Study of cross-talk of parallel Fabry–Perot sensors in path-matching differential interferometry , 1999 .

[173]  Yizheng Zhu,et al.  Deep wet etching on fused silica material for fiber optic sensors , 2003, SPIE MOEMS-MEMS.

[174]  J Schwider,et al.  Dispersive interferometric profilometer. , 1994, Optics letters.

[175]  Kent A. Murphy,et al.  Photoinduced Fresnel reflectors for point-wise and distributed sensing applications , 1995, Smart Structures.