Groundwater chemical evolution in a sandy silicate aquifer in northern Wisconsin: 1. Patterns and ra

Patterns and rates of chemical evolution of groundwater in a sandy silicate aquifer were determined by detailed analysis of groundwater velocity and chemistry along short (120 m) flow paths. Groundwater enters the aquifer mainly as seepage from a dilute lake and evolves chemically under open-CO{sub 2} conditions for at least 8 years before discharging to another lake. Spatial trends in the aquifer are evident for calcium, magnesium, silicon, sodium, CO{sub 2}, alkalinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The kinetics of silicate mineral dissolution regulates additions of calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity to the groundwater, causing them to increase steadily along flow paths at about 12 {mu}mol L{sup {minus}1} yr{sup {minus}1} (Ca), 6 {mu}mol L{sup {minus}1} yr{sup {minus}1} (Mg), and 39 {mu}eg L{sup {minus}1} yr{sup {minus}1} (alkalinity) respectively, for at least 3-5 years. Silicon and sodium increase by 41 {mu}mol L{sup {minus}1} yr{sup {minus}1} and 13 {mu}mol L{sup {minus}1} yr{sup {minus}1} respectively for about 3 years, then level off as the groundwater approaches saturation with respect to kaolinite and smectite.

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