Effects of Standing and Light-Intensity Activity on Ambulatory Blood Pressure.

PURPOSE This study aimed to compare ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) response to accumulated standing (STAND), cycling (CYCLE), and walking (WALK) to a sitting-only (SIT) day in adults. METHODS Nine overweight or obese (body mass index, 28.7 ± 2.7 kg · m(-2)) adults (30 ± 15 yr) participated in this randomized crossover full-factorial study. Four conditions (WALK, STAND, CYCLE, and SIT) were randomly performed 1 wk apart. WALK, STAND, and CYCLE conditions consisted of progressively increasing activity time to accumulate 2.5 h during an 8-h simulated workday. WALK (1.0 mph) and STAND (0.0 mph) were completed on a treadmill placed underneath a standing-height desk. During CYCLE, participants pedaled on a Monark cycle ergometer at a cadence and energy expenditure equivalent to WALK. Participants remained seated during the SIT condition. Participants wore an ABP cuff from 0800 h until 2200 h on all conditions. Linear mixed models were used to test condition differences in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. Chi-square was used to detect frequency difference of BP load. RESULTS There was a whole-day (during and after work hours) SBP and DBP treatment effect (P < 0.01). Systolic blood pressure during STAND (132 ± 17 mm Hg), WALK (133 ± 17 mm Hg), and CYCLE (130 ± 16 mm Hg) were lower compared with that during SIT (137 ± 17 mm Hg) (all P < 0.01). CYCLE was lower than STAND (P = 0.04) and WALK (P < 0.01). For DBP, only CYCLE (69 ± 12 mm Hg) was lower than SIT (71 ± 13 mm Hg; P < 0.01). Compared with SIT, WALK, STAND, and CYCLE reduced SBP load by 4%, 4%, and 13%, respectively (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Compared with sitting, accumulating 2.5 h of light-intensity physical activity or standing during an 8-h workday may reduce ABP during and after work hours.

[1]  J. Whitworth,et al.  2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension , 2003, Journal of hypertension.

[2]  C. Tudor-Locke,et al.  Changing the way we work: elevating energy expenditure with workstation alternatives , 2014, International Journal of Obesity.

[3]  S. Romero,et al.  Postexercise hypotension and sustained postexercise vasodilatation: what happens after we exercise? , 2013, Experimental physiology.

[4]  B. J. Sjöberg,et al.  Cardiac output and blood pressure during active and passive standing. , 1996, Clinical physiology.

[5]  Benjamin J. Epstein,et al.  Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure , 2007 .

[6]  J. Macdougall,et al.  The effects of exercising muscle mass on post exercise hypotension , 2000, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[7]  H. P. van der Ploeg,et al.  Desk-based workers’ perspectives on using sit-stand workstations: a qualitative analysis of the Stand@Work study , 2014, BMC Public Health.

[8]  Daniel W. Jones,et al.  Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. , 2003, Hypertension.

[9]  Michael Catt,et al.  Validation of the GENEA Accelerometer. , 2011, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[10]  J P Wallace,et al.  Reproducibility of postexercise ambulatory blood pressure in Stage I hypertension , 2005, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[11]  Kazuomi Kario,et al.  Ambulatory Physical Activity as a Determinant of Diurnal Blood Pressure Variation , 1999 .

[12]  S. Angadi,et al.  Effect of fractionized vs continuous, single-session exercise on blood pressure in adults , 2010, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[13]  David W Dunstan,et al.  Breaking up workplace sitting time with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort in overweight/obese office workers , 2014, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

[14]  J E Schwartz,et al.  Ambulatory physical activity as a determinant of diurnal blood pressure variation. , 1999, Hypertension.

[15]  Jiang He,et al.  Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. , 2002, JAMA.

[16]  N. Schneiderman,et al.  Posture, place, and mood effects on ambulatory blood pressure. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[17]  J. Wallace,et al.  Accumulation of physical activity leads to a greater blood pressure reduction than a single continuous session, in prehypertension , 2006, Journal of hypertension.

[18]  L. Chambless,et al.  Descriptive epidemiology of blood pressure response to change in body position. The ARIC study. , 1999, Hypertension.

[19]  Marc T. Hamilton,et al.  Role of Low Energy Expenditure and Sitting in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease , 2007, Diabetes.

[20]  Ioanna Chouvarda,et al.  Development and clinical evaluation of a physiological data acquisition device for monitoring and exercise guidance of heart failure and chronic heart disease patients , 2010, 2010 Computing in Cardiology.

[21]  Genevieve N Healy,et al.  Prolonged sedentary time and physical activity in workplace and non-work contexts: a cross-sectional study of office, customer service and call centre employees , 2012, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity.

[22]  A. Bauman,et al.  Assessment of sedentary behavior with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. , 2008, Journal of physical activity & health.

[23]  Romain Meeusen,et al.  Active Workstations to Fight Sedentary Behaviour , 2014, Sports Medicine.

[24]  G. Gaesser,et al.  Walking Workstation Use Reduces Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults With Prehypertension. , 2015, Journal of physical activity & health.

[25]  M. Piepoli,et al.  Time course of haemodynamic changes after maximal exercise , 1994, European journal of clinical investigation.

[26]  J. Staessen,et al.  Prognostic superiority of daytime ambulatory over conventional blood pressure in four populations: a meta-analysis of 7030 individuals , 2007, Journal of hypertension.

[27]  S. Angadi,et al.  Effects of fractionized and continuous exercise on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure. , 2012, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[28]  M. Ericson,et al.  On the biomechanics of cycling. A study of joint and muscle load during exercise on the bicycle ergometer. , 1986, Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine. Supplement.

[29]  J. Wallace,et al.  Accumulation of physical activity reduces blood pressure in pre- and hypertension. , 2005, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[30]  J. V. van Bemmel,et al.  Haemodynamic responses to physical activity and body posture during everyday life , 2004, Journal of hypertension.

[31]  Jack P Callaghan,et al.  The impact of sit-stand office workstations on worker discomfort and productivity: a review. , 2014, Applied ergonomics.

[32]  B. Franklin,et al.  Exercise and Hypertension , 2004 .

[33]  M. Granat,et al.  The validation of a novel activity monitor in the measurement of posture and motion during everyday activities , 2006, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[34]  Dingli Xu,et al.  Association of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with prehypertension: a meta-analysis. , 2014, American heart journal.

[35]  Stephen C. Jones,et al.  Validation of the Oscar 2 oscillometric 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitor according to the British Hypertension Society protocol , 2007, Blood pressure monitoring.