Solar-stellar outer atmospheres and energetic particles, and galactic cosmic rays

The heavy element compositions of the solar corona, solar wind (SW), solar energetic particles (SEP, ''mass-unbiasedd baseline''; Paper I) and galactic cosmic-ray sources (GCRS) are remarkably similar. They all show the same pattern as compared to standard local galactic (or solar photospheric) composition: an underabundance of heavy elements with first ionization potential (FIP) > or approx. =9 eV relative to elements with lower FIP, by factors of approx.4-6. Only C is clearly more abundant in GCR sources than in SEP (by a factor of approx.2-3), as well as possibly O.