We used moderately high-resolution, high S/N spectra to study the chemical composition of 10 field ab-type RR Lyrae stars. A new temperature scale was determined from literature Infrared Flux Method measures of subdwarfs and the Kurucz (1992) model atmospheres, and used to calibrate colors for both dwarfs and RR Lyraes. The applicability of Kurucz (1992) model atmospheres in the analysis of RR Lyraes at minimum light was analyzed: we found that they are able to reproduce colors, excitation and ionization equilibria as well as the wings of Halpha. We derived abundances for 21 species. The metal abundances of the program stars span the range -2.50<[Fe/H]<+0.17$. Lines of most elements are found to form in LTE conditions. Fe lines satisfy very well the excitation and ionization equilibria. RR Lyraes share the typical abundance pattern of other stars of similar [Fe/H]: alpha-elements are overabundant by about 0.4dex and Mn is underabundant by about 0.6dex in stars with [Fe/H]<-1. Significant departures from LTE are found only for a few species. We used our new [Fe/H] abundances, as well as values from Butler and coworkers (corrected to our system), and from high resolution spectroscopy of globular clusters giants, to obtain a new calibration of the DeltaS index: [Fe/H]= -0.194(\pm 0.011)DeltaS -0.08(\pm 0.18) and to update the metallicity calibration of the Ca II K line index: [Fe/H]= 0.65(\pm 0.17)W'(K) -3.49(\pm 0.39). Finally, our new metallicity scale was used to revise the [Fe/H] dependence of the absolute magnitude of RR Lyrae stars, Mv: Mv = 0.20(\pm 0.03)[Fe/H] + 1.06(\pm 0.04).