ISSR-PCR: tool for discrimination and genetic structure analysis of Plutella xylostella populations native to different geographical areas.

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) is considered as the most destructive pest of Brassicaceae crops world-wide. Its migratory capacities and development of insecticide resistance in many populations leads to more difficulties for population management. To control movement of populations and apparitions of resistance carried by resistant migrant individuals, populations must be identified using genetic markers. Here, seven different ISSR markers have been tested as a tool for population discrimination and genetic variations among 19 DBM populations from Canada, USA, Brazil, Martinique Island, France, Romania, Austria, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Benin, South Africa, Réunion Island, Hong Kong, Laos, Japan and four localities in Australia were assessed. Two classification methods were tested and compared: a common method of genetic distance analyses and a novel method based on an advanced statistical method of the Artificial Neural Networks' family, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM). The 188 loci selected revealed a very high variability between populations with a total polymorphism of 100% and a global coefficient of gene differentiation estimated by the Nei's index (Gst) of 0.238. Nevertheless, the largest part of variability was expressed among individuals within populations (AMOVA: 73.71% and mean polymorphism of 94% within populations). Genetic differentiation among the DBM populations did not reflect geographical distances between them. The two classification methods have given excellent results with less than 1.3% of misclassified individuals. The origin of the high genetic differentiation and efficiency of the two classification methods are discussed.

[1]  A. Weeks,et al.  Microsatellites reveal a lack of structure in Australian populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) , 2005, Molecular ecology.

[2]  W. Hutchison,et al.  Comparative susceptibilities of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Minnesota and south Texas to lambda-cyhalothrin and indoxacarb. , 2003, Journal of economic entomology.

[3]  Ya-Di Zheng,et al.  Evaluation of genetic relationships in the genus Houttuynia Thunb. in China based on RAPD and ISSR markers , 2005 .

[4]  Edgardo A. Ferrán,et al.  Clustering proteins into families using artificial neural networks [published erratum appears in Comput Appl Biosci 1992 Jun;8(3): 305] , 1992, Comput. Appl. Biosci..

[5]  A. Shelton,et al.  Insecticide Resistance of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in North America , 1993 .

[6]  A. Liston,et al.  Contributions of PCR-Based Methods to Plant Systematics and Evolutionary Biology , 1998 .

[7]  A. Bordat,et al.  Biological and genetic differences between populations of diamondback moth from different geographic origins , 2004 .

[8]  G. W. Ankersmit.  DDT-Resistance in Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lep.) in Java. , 1953 .

[9]  B. Tabashnik,et al.  Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Resistance to Insecticides in Hawaii: Intra-Island Variation and Cross-Resistance , 1987 .

[10]  B. Tabashnik,et al.  Variation in Susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins among Unselected Strains ofPlutella xylostella , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[11]  Sovan Lek,et al.  A comparison of self-organizing map algorithm and some conventional statistical methods for ecological community ordination , 2001 .

[12]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Self-Organizing Maps , 2010 .

[13]  A. Weeks,et al.  Microsatellites isolated from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), for studies of dispersal in Australian populations , 2005 .

[14]  I. Dimopoulos,et al.  Application of neural networks to modelling nonlinear relationships in ecology , 1996 .

[15]  Sovan Lek,et al.  Application of the Self-organizing Mapping and Fuzzy Clustering to Microsatellite Data : How to Detect Genetic Structure in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Populations , 2000 .

[16]  M. Roose,et al.  Identification of closely related citrus cultivars with inter-simple sequence repeat markers , 1997, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[17]  Masatoshi Nei,et al.  Genetic Distance between Populations , 1972, The American Naturalist.

[18]  I. Hodkinson,et al.  Aerial colonization of high Arctic islands by invertebrates: the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) as a potential indicator species , 2002 .

[19]  Friedrich Recknagel,et al.  Ecological Informatics: Understanding Ecology by Biologically-Inspired Computation , 2003 .

[20]  D. Labuda,et al.  Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. , 1994, Genomics.

[21]  T. Malvar,et al.  Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among geographic strains of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) , 1997 .

[22]  G. Gujar,et al.  Local variation in susceptibility of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to insecticides and role of detoxification enzymes , 2003 .

[23]  Giles M. Foody,et al.  Applications of the self-organising feature map neural network in community data analysis , 1999 .

[24]  A. Wolfe,et al.  Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Evolution in Penstemon subg. Dasanthera (Veronicaceae) , 2004 .

[25]  M Slatkin,et al.  Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. , 1987, Science.

[26]  J. Riley,et al.  High‐altitude migration of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella to the U.K.: a study using radar, aerial netting, and ground trapping , 2002 .

[27]  G. Gujar,et al.  Geographical variation in larval susceptibility of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis spore–crystal mixtures and purified crystal proteins and associated resistance development in India , 2002, Bulletin of Entomological Research.

[28]  B. Tabashnik,et al.  Allozymes Used to Estimate Gene Flow Among Populations of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hawaii , 1992 .

[29]  M. Greenstone.  Molecular methods for assessing insect parasitism , 2006, Bulletin of Entomological Research.

[30]  P. Leblanc,et al.  Economic Threshold for Three Lepidopterous Larval Pests of Fresh-Market Cabbage in Southeastern New Brunswick , 1998 .

[31]  Sovan Lek,et al.  Utilisation of non-supervised neural networks and principal component analysis to study fish assemblages , 2001 .

[32]  Weiguo Li,et al.  Genetic diversity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in China , 2005 .

[33]  B. Tabashnik,et al.  Evolution of Resistance to Bacillus Thuringiensis , 1994 .

[34]  M. Wink,et al.  ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats) as genetic markers in noctuids (Lepidoptera). , 2002, Hereditas.

[35]  S. Lek,et al.  Applications of artificial neural networks for patterning and predicting aquatic insect species richness in running waters , 2003 .

[36]  F. Muehlbauer,et al.  Inter-simple-sequence-repeat (ISSR) polymorphisms are useful for finding markers associated with disease resistance gene clusters , 1998, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[37]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[38]  Young-Seuk Park,et al.  Water quality assessment using diatom assemblages and advanced modelling techniques , 2004 .

[39]  T. Kohonen.  Self-organized formation of topographically correct feature maps , 1982 .

[40]  L. Pâques,et al.  Application of AFLP, RAPD and ISSR markers to genetic mapping of European and Japanese larch , 2000, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[41]  A. Shelton,et al.  Comparison of Action Thresholds for Lepidopterous Larvae on Fresh-Market Cabbage , 1983 .

[42]  Nam‐Gyun Kim,et al.  Genetic Difference Between Two Field Populations of Plutella xylostella (Linnée) Based on Four Polymorphic Allozymes , 1999 .

[43]  D. Heckel,et al.  Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA differences between strains of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) susceptible or resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis , 1995 .

[44]  Y. Ogihara,et al.  Applicability of inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in wheat for use as DNA markers in comparison to RFLP and RAPD markers , 1997, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[45]  Alan A. Kirk,et al.  Improving biocontrol of Plutella xylostella (L.) , 2004 .

[46]  J. Nagaraju,et al.  Genetic characterization of the silkworm Bombyx mori by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored PCR , 1999, Heredity.

[47]  C. P. Randle,et al.  Relationships Within and Among Species of the Holoparasitic Genus Hyobanche (Orobanchaceae) Inferred from ISSR Banding Patterns and Nucleotide Sequences , 2009 .

[48]  M. Blair,et al.  Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification for analysis of microsatellite motif frequency and fingerprinting in rice (Oryza sativa L.) , 1999, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[49]  Anthony M. Shelton,et al.  Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Diamondback Moth , 1993 .

[50]  K. Honda,et al.  Seasonal Abundance and the Possibility of Spring Immigration of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella(LINNAEUS)(Lepidoptera:Yponomeutidae), in Morioka City, Northern Japan , 1992 .

[51]  Nikola K. Kasabov,et al.  On-line pattern analysis by evolving self-organizing maps , 2003, Neurocomputing.

[52]  M. Pitcairn,et al.  DNA phenotyping to find a natural enemy in Uzbekistan for California biotypes of Salsola tragus L. , 2003 .

[53]  P. Ranjekar,et al.  Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship as revealed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism in the genus Oryza , 2000, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[54]  N. S. Talekar.  Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests : proceedings of the second international workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 10-14 December 1990 , 1992 .

[55]  I. Kitching,et al.  The phylogeny of the Hyles euphorbiae complex (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): Molecular evidence from sequence data and ISSR-PCR fingerprints , 2005 .

[56]  A. Shelton,et al.  Susceptibility of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Populations in Mexico to Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis , 2000, Journal of economic entomology.

[57]  Y. Qiu,et al.  Genetic diversity of the endangered species Kirengeshoma palmata (Saxifragaceae) in China , 2006 .

[58]  Young-Seuk Park,et al.  Conservation Strategies for Endemic Fish Species Threatened by the Three Gorges Dam , 2003 .

[59]  Junjun Chang,et al.  Microsatellites assessment of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray) genetic variability , 2005 .

[60]  O. Roux,et al.  Genetic differentiation among various populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae , 2006, Bulletin of Entomological Research.

[61]  Juliet D. Tang,et al.  Resistance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in the field , 1993 .

[62]  K. Cameron,et al.  Genetic variation in the endangered and endemic species Changium smyrnioides (Apiaceae) , 2004 .

[63]  D. Wright,et al.  Multitrophic interactions and management of the diamondback moth: a review. , 1996 .

[64]  H. Korpelainen,et al.  Genetic diversity of populus cathayana Rehd populations in southwestern China revealed by ISSR markers , 2006 .

[65]  Young-Seuk Park,et al.  Patternizing communities by using an artificial neural network , 1996 .

[66]  M. Keller,et al.  Local Dispersal of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella (L.)) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) , 2003 .

[67]  J. Guarro,et al.  Inter-single-sequence-repeat-PCR typing as a new tool for identification of Microsporum canis strains. , 2005, Journal of dermatological science.