Simulation of S02 Impacts

Mathematical modeling is a long-standing tool for the analysis of ecological systems (Lotka, 1925). Before the elaboration of systems engineering, beginning during World War II, applications of mathematical models in ecology were limited to small systems (few equations). The widespread availability of computers in the late 1950s and the 1960s made it possible for ecologists to explore the potential of systems analysis to contribute to the study of ecological systems. This period of experimenting with systems analysis techniques coincided with a period during which many ecologists were switching their interests from the study of populations and communities to ecosystems (Odum, 1957; Margalef, 1963). Systems analysis, computers, and ecological systems were merged into systems ecology in the mid- 1960s (Odum, 1960; Olson, 1963; Patten and Witkamp, 1967; Van Dyne, 1969; Watt, 1966).

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