Molecular approaches to field studies of malaria.

The third 'Molecular Approaches to Malaria' conference was held in Lorne, Australia, in February 2008 and provided extensive information on the application of molecular tools in field studies on malaria. In recent years, technological advances and capacity building in malaria-endemic countries have permitted molecular tools to be applied much more frequently and successfully with exciting new findings. In this review, Hans-Peter Beck and Kevin Tetteh report on the most recent findings using molecular tools in field studies.

[1]  D. Mccormick Sequence the Human Genome , 1986, Bio/Technology.

[2]  T. Theander,et al.  Differential Expression of var Gene Groups Is Associated with Morbidity Caused by Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Tanzanian Children , 2006, Infection and Immunity.

[3]  T. Taylor,et al.  Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  H. Joshi,et al.  World Antimalarial Resistance Network (WARN) III: Molecular markers for drug resistant malaria , 2007, Malaria Journal.

[5]  K. Barnes,et al.  A network to monitor antimalarial drug resistance: a plan for moving forward. , 2008, Trends in parasitology.

[6]  O. Doumbo,et al.  Impaired cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes containing sickle hemoglobin , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[7]  M. Molyneux,et al.  Transcribed var Genes Associated with Placental Malaria in MalawianWomen , 2006, Infection and Immunity.

[8]  G. Wunderlich,et al.  Rapid turnover of Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcripts and genotypes during natural non-symptomatic infections. , 2005, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo.

[9]  Y. D. Sharma,et al.  Sequence diversity and natural selection at domain I of the apical membrane antigen 1 among Indian Plasmodium falciparum populations , 2007, Malaria Journal.

[10]  M. Ott,et al.  Longitudinal assessment of Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcription in naturally infected asymptomatic children in Papua New Guinea. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[11]  Z Bian,et al.  Antigenic variation and cytoadherence of PfEMP1 of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte from malaria patients. , 2000, Chinese medical journal.

[12]  S. Krishna,et al.  Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum , 2003, Nature.

[13]  J. Dame,et al.  The Plasmodium falciparum Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein Homolog and Its Reaction with the Antimalarial Drug Artemisinin* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  A. C. Alves,et al.  Malaria Parasites Can Develop Stable Resistance to Artemisinin but Lack Mutations in Candidate Genes atp6 (Encoding the Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase), tctp, mdr1, and cg10 , 2006, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[15]  Caroline O Buckee,et al.  Plasmodium falciparum antigenic variation. Mapping mosaic var gene sequences onto a network of shared, highly polymorphic sequence blocks , 2008, Molecular microbiology.

[16]  Jutta Marfurt,et al.  Rapid Microarray-Based Method for Monitoring of All Currently Known Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Parasite Resistance to Antimalaria Drugs , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[17]  I. Mueller,et al.  Heterogeneous distribution of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance haplotypes in subsets of the host population , 2008, Malaria Journal.

[18]  M. Msellem,et al.  In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[19]  H. Curtidor,et al.  Structural modifications to a high-activity binding peptide located within the PfEMP1 NTS domain induce protection against P. falciparum malaria in Aotus monkeys , 2007, Biological chemistry.

[20]  Richard J. Challis,et al.  Differential var gene transcription in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients with cerebral malaria compared to hyperparasitaemia , 2006, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[21]  G. Wunderlich,et al.  Plasmodium falciparum: analysis of transcribed var gene sequences in natural isolates from the Brazilian Amazon region. , 2002, Experimental parasitology.

[22]  R. Hallett,et al.  Seasonal carriage of pfcrt and pfmdr1 alleles in Gambian Plasmodium falciparum imply reduced fitness of chloroquine-resistant parasites. , 2007, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[23]  T. Theander,et al.  Expression of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in experimentally infected humans , 2005, Malaria Journal.

[24]  A. Kaneko,et al.  Recovery of chloroquine sensitivity and low prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene mutation K76T following the discontinuance of chloroquine use in Malawi. , 2003, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[25]  David L. Smith,et al.  World Health Organization , 2016, International Encyclopedia of Public Health.

[26]  Jonathan E. Allen,et al.  Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum , 2002, Nature.

[27]  G. McVean,et al.  Population Genomics of the Immune Evasion (var) Genes of Plasmodium falciparum , 2007, PLoS pathogens.

[28]  T. Theander,et al.  High level of var2csa transcription by Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the placenta. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[29]  Priyabrata Pattnaik,et al.  Immunogenicity of a recombinant malaria vaccine based on receptor binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175. , 2007, Vaccine.

[30]  Timothy B. Stockwell,et al.  The Sequence of the Human Genome , 2001, Science.

[31]  Virander S. Chauhan,et al.  Comparison of cellular and humoral responses to recombinant protein and synthetic peptides of exon2 region of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein1 (PfEMP1) among malaria patients from an endemic region. , 2007, Parasitology international.

[32]  B. Lowe,et al.  A Phase 2b Randomised Trial of the Candidate Malaria Vaccines FP9 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP among Children in Kenya , 2006, PLoS clinical trials.

[33]  Eric Legrand,et al.  Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6 , 2005, The Lancet.

[34]  Philip Awadalla,et al.  Global genetic diversity and evolution of var genes associated with placental and severe childhood malaria. , 2006, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[35]  K. Kirchgatter,et al.  Association of Severe Noncerebral Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Brazil With Expressed PfEMP1 DBL1α Sequences Lacking Cysteine Residues , 2002, Molecular Medicine.

[36]  M. Wahlgren,et al.  Generation of Cross-Protective Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum Sequestration by Immunization with an Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1-Duffy Binding-Like 1α Domain , 2006, Infection and Immunity.

[37]  J. Kublin,et al.  Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[38]  M. Gatton,et al.  Differential changes in Plasmodium falciparum var transcription during adaptation to culture. , 2007, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[39]  P. Ringwald,et al.  Responding to the challenge of antimalarial drug resistance by routine monitoring to update national malaria treatment policies. , 2007, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[40]  M. Wahlgren,et al.  PfEMP1-DBL1α amino acid motifs in severe disease states of Plasmodium falciparum malaria , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[41]  A. Mårtensson,et al.  Selection of pfmdr1 mutations after amodiaquine monotherapy and amodiaquine plus artemisinin combination therapy in East Africa. , 2007, Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.

[42]  M. Berriman,et al.  Differential var gene expression in the organs of patients dying of falciparum malaria , 2007, Molecular microbiology.

[43]  D. Conway,et al.  RTS,S/AS02A Malaria Vaccine Does Not Induce Parasite CSP T Cell Epitope Selection and Reduces Multiplicity of Infection , 2006, PLoS clinical trials.

[44]  J. Meynard,et al.  In Vitro Monitoring of Plasmodium falciparum Drug Resistance in French Guiana: a Synopsis of Continuous Assessment from 1994 to 2005 , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[45]  X. Su,et al.  Genetic linkage and association analyses for trait mapping in Plasmodium falciparum , 2007, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[46]  J. Vulule,et al.  A polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction fluorescent microsphere assay to determine Plasmodium falciparum MSP-119 haplotypes. , 2007, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[47]  S. Krishna,et al.  The role of pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum tolerance to artemether‐lumefantrine in Africa , 2007, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[48]  Mirjam Kaestli,et al.  Virulence of malaria is associated with differential expression of Plasmodium falciparum var gene subgroups in a case-control study. , 2006, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[49]  M. Gatton,et al.  No Genetic Bottleneck in Plasmodium falciparum Wild-Type Pfcrt Alleles Reemerging in Hainan Island, China, following High-Level Chloroquine Resistance , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[50]  K. Bojang,et al.  Safety and immunogenicty of RTS,S/AS02A candidate malaria vaccine in Gambian children. , 2005, Vaccine.

[51]  Elena R. Lozovsky,et al.  Genomic heterogeneity in the density of noncoding single-nucleotide and microsatellite polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum. , 2007, Gene.

[52]  S. Sharp,et al.  Plasmodium falciparum Associated with Severe Childhood Malaria Preferentially Expresses PfEMP1 Encoded by Group A var Genes , 2004, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[53]  A. Dicko,et al.  Phase 1 Study of a Combination AMA1 Blood Stage Malaria Vaccine in Malian Children , 2008, PloS one.

[54]  Jian Wang,et al.  The Genome Sequence of the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae , 2002, Science.