Current-Mode Universal Filters Using Current Conveyors: Classification and Review

Several current-mode universal filters are reviewed. The filters are classified in two classes. The class I filters have floating passive elements, whereas class II filters have all resistors and capacitors grounded. Each class of filters includes two subclasses based on the filter’s capability to have independent control of the filter quality factor or not. The effects of nonideal second generation current conveyors are briefly discussed. Spice simulations using BSIM3 version 3.1 parameters, feature size 0.5 μm from MOSIS, are given, and a detailed comparison table is included.

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