HDAC and MAPK/ERK Inhibitors Cooperate to Reduce Viability and Stemness Phenotype in Medulloblastoma Running title: HDAC and MAPK/ERK in medulloblastoma

1 Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPEHCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 2 Children’s Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 3 Bioinformatics Core, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 4 The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, 5 Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 7 Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, 8 Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada, 9 Department of

[1]  A. Papavassiliou,et al.  Chromatin remodeling defects in pediatric brain tumors. , 2018, Annals of translational medicine.

[2]  Osman Ugur Sezerman,et al.  pathfindR: An R Package for Pathway Enrichment Analysis Utilizing Active Subnetworks , 2018, bioRxiv.

[3]  R. Roesler,et al.  Targeting Histone Deacetylase Activity to Arrest Cell Growth and Promote Neural Differentiation in Ewing Sarcoma , 2018, bioRxiv.

[4]  Kin-Sang Cho,et al.  Acetylation and deacetylation in cancer stem-like cells. , 2017, Oncotarget.

[5]  Sirintra Nakjang,et al.  Novel molecular subgroups for clinical classification and outcome prediction in childhood medulloblastoma: a cohort study , 2017, The Lancet. Oncology.

[6]  K. Pantel,et al.  Cancer stem cells: The root of tumor recurrence and metastases. , 2017, Seminars in cancer biology.

[7]  D. Hwang,et al.  Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppresses leptomeningeal seeding in a medulloblastoma animal model , 2017, Oncotarget.

[8]  M. Golas,et al.  Synergistic anti-cancer effects of epigenetic drugs on medulloblastoma cells , 2017, Cellular Oncology.

[9]  G. Gustafsson,et al.  Relapse patterns and outcome after relapse in standard risk medulloblastoma: a report from the HIT-SIOP-PNET4 study , 2016, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[10]  G. Reifenberger,et al.  The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary , 2016, Acta Neuropathologica.

[11]  C. Ciccarelli,et al.  Key role of MEK/ERK pathway in sustaining tumorigenicity and in vitro radioresistance of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma stem-like cell population , 2016, Molecular Cancer.

[12]  Panagiota Arampatzi,et al.  Common stemness regulators of embryonic and cancer stem cells. , 2015, World journal of stem cells.

[13]  J. Zhang,et al.  Isolation and characterization of cancer stem cells from medulloblastoma. , 2015, Genetics and molecular research : GMR.

[14]  R. Wechsler-Reya,et al.  The role of stem cells and progenitors in the genesis of medulloblastoma , 2014, Experimental Neurology.

[15]  Tyler E. Miller,et al.  Brain tumor stem cells: Molecular characteristics and their impact on therapy. , 2014, Molecular aspects of medicine.

[16]  R. Bronson,et al.  Epigenetic states of cells of origin and tumor evolution drive tumor-initiating cell phenotype and tumor heterogeneity. , 2014, Cancer research.

[17]  Heather L. Mulder,et al.  The landscape of somatic mutations in epigenetic regulators across 1,000 paediatric cancer genomes , 2014, Nature Communications.

[18]  A. Krešo,et al.  Evolution of the cancer stem cell model. , 2014, Cell stem cell.

[19]  C. Hawkins,et al.  FoxG1 Interacts with Bmi1 to Regulate Self‐Renewal and Tumorigenicity of Medulloblastoma Stem Cells , 2013, Stem cells.

[20]  G. Cenacchi,et al.  Medullospheres from DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76 Cells: Increased Stem Cell Population and Proteomic Modifications , 2013, PloS one.

[21]  Giovanni Roti,et al.  Selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitors induce neuroblastoma differentiation. , 2013, Chemistry & biology.

[22]  R. Roesler,et al.  The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Sodium Butyrate Promotes Cell Death and Differentiation and Reduces Neurosphere Formation in Human Medulloblastoma Cells , 2013, Molecular Neurobiology.

[23]  T. Karagiannis,et al.  Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs): multitargeted anticancer agents , 2013, Biologics : targets & therapy.

[24]  Elaine R. Mardis,et al.  Novel mutations target distinct subgroups of medulloblastoma , 2012, Nature.

[25]  Ching-Yao Tsai,et al.  Inhibition of phosphorylated STAT3 by cucurbitacin I enhances chemoradiosensitivity in medulloblastoma-derived cancer stem cells , 2012, Child's Nervous System.

[26]  X. Wang,et al.  Sonic hedgehog regulates Bmi1 in human medulloblastoma brain tumor-initiating cells , 2012, Oncogene.

[27]  Scott L. Pomeroy,et al.  Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus , 2011, Acta Neuropathologica.

[28]  C. Larsson,et al.  Enhanced effects by 4-phenylbutyrate in combination with RTK inhibitors on proliferation in brain tumor cell models. , 2011, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[29]  M. Kool,et al.  High levels of PROM1 (CD133) transcript are a potential predictor of poor prognosis in medulloblastoma. , 2011, Neuro-oncology.

[30]  Jeffrey T. Chang,et al.  Using a stem cell-based signature to guide therapeutic selection in cancer. , 2011, Cancer Research.

[31]  Arata Tomiyama,et al.  Crosstalk Between the PI3K/mTOR and MEK/ERK Pathways Involved in the Maintenance of Self‐Renewal and Tumorigenicity of Glioblastoma Stem‐Like Cells , 2010, Stem cells.

[32]  P. Liberski,et al.  Polycomb genes expression as a predictor of poor clinical outcome in children with medulloblastoma , 2010, Child's Nervous System.

[33]  Yi-Wei Chen,et al.  Celecoxib enhances radiosensitivity in medulloblastoma-derived CD133-positive cells , 2010, Child's Nervous System.

[34]  Guang-Yuh Chiou,et al.  Medulloblastoma-derived tumor stem-like cells acquired resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and radiosensitivity , 2010, Child's Nervous System.

[35]  T. Taga,et al.  Analysis of an alternative human CD133 promoter reveals the implication of Ras/ERK pathway in tumor stem-like hallmarks , 2010, Molecular Cancer.

[36]  S. Kimura,et al.  Blockade of the ERK or PI3K-Akt signaling pathway enhances the cytotoxicity of histone deacetylase inhibitors in tumor cells resistant to gefitinib or imatinib. , 2010, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[37]  Chi-Hung Lin,et al.  Evaluation of radiotherapy effect in resveratrol-treated medulloblastoma cancer stem-like cells , 2009, Child's Nervous System.

[38]  R. Béliveau,et al.  Tumor Environment Dictates Medulloblastoma Cancer Stem Cell Expression and Invasive Phenotype , 2008, Molecular Cancer Research.

[39]  J. Olson,et al.  Response of preclinical medulloblastoma models to combination therapy with 13-cis retinoic acid and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) , 2008, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[40]  P. Pandolfi,et al.  PI3K pathway regulates survival of cancer stem cells residing in the perivascular niche following radiation in medulloblastoma in vivo. , 2008, Genes & development.

[41]  P. Bader,et al.  Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce cell death and enhance the susceptibility to ionizing radiation, etoposide, and TRAIL in medulloblastoma cells. , 2006, International journal of oncology.

[42]  M. Kohno,et al.  Blockade of the ERK pathway markedly sensitizes tumor cells to HDAC inhibitor-induced cell death. , 2006, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[43]  G. Glinsky,et al.  Microarray analysis identifies a death-from-cancer signature predicting therapy failure in patients with multiple types of cancer. , 2005, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[44]  R. Henkelman,et al.  Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells , 2004, Nature.

[45]  M. Lohuizen,et al.  Bmi1 is essential for cerebellar development and is overexpressed in human medulloblastomas , 2004, Nature.

[46]  C. Chow,et al.  Phenylbutyrate and Phenylacetate Induce Differentiation and Inhibit Proliferation of Human Medulloblastoma Cells , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[47]  Daniel H. Geschwind,et al.  Cancerous stem cells can arise from pediatric brain tumors , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[48]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[49]  S. Elledge,et al.  Expression profiling of medulloblastoma: PDGFRA and the RAS/MAPK pathway as therapeutic targets for metastatic disease , 2003, Nature Genetics.

[50]  A. Goldenberg,et al.  Intertumoral Heterogeneity within Medulloblastoma Subgroups , 2022 .