An Analysis of the Effects and Dependency of Wind Power Penetration on System Frequency Regulation

The integration of renewable energy sources into power systems has gathered significant momentum globally because of its unlimited supply and environmental benefits. Within the portfolio of renewable energy, wind power is expected to have a soaring growth rate in the coming years. Despite its well known benefits, wind power poses several challenges in grid integration. The inherent intermittent and non-dispatchable features of wind power not only inject additional fluctuations to the already variable nature of frequency deviation, they also decrease frequency stability by reducing the inertia and the regulation capability. This paper closely examines these effects as well as the effect on tie-line flows and area control error, which causes a larger and longer frequency deviation in the integrated system. Further, the effect of wind power on frequency regulation capability at different penetration levels is also examined. The analytical and simulation results presented here provide some guidance on determining maximum wind power penetration level given a frequency deviation limit.

[1]  C. Loutan,et al.  Frequency response of California and WECC under high wind and solar conditions , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[2]  Kwang Y. Lee,et al.  A control configuration of wind farm for load-following and frequency support by considering the inertia issue , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[3]  T. Thiringer,et al.  Temporary Primary Frequency Control Support by Variable Speed Wind Turbines— Potential and Applications , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[4]  John Adams,et al.  Impact of wind generation on system operations in the deregulated environment: ERCOT experience , 2009, 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[5]  J.V. Milanovic,et al.  Overview and Comparative Analysis of Gas Turbine Models for System Stability Studies , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[6]  J.A.P. Lopes,et al.  Participation of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators in System Frequency Regulation , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[7]  N. Jenkins,et al.  Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[8]  Jian Ma,et al.  Analysis Methodology for Balancing Authority Cooperation in High Penetration of Variable Generation , 2010 .

[9]  Ranjit Roy,et al.  Dynamic contribution of DFIG along with SMES for load frequency control of interconnected restructured power system , 2011, 2011 10th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering.

[10]  Y. K. Bhateshvar,et al.  Study of impact of wind power penetration on frequency stabilization in multi-area power system , 2013, 2013 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TOPICS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ATEE).

[11]  Qing-Chang Zhong,et al.  Synchronverters: Inverters That Mimic Synchronous Generators , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[12]  W. I. Rowen,et al.  Simplified Mathematical Representations of Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines , 1983 .

[13]  E. Vittal,et al.  Wind Penetration Limited by Thermal Constraints and Frequency Stability , 2007, 2007 39th North American Power Symposium.

[14]  Damian Flynn,et al.  Impact on transient and frequency stability for a power system at very high wind penetration , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[15]  Jin-Ming Lin,et al.  Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants , 2012 .

[16]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Renewable energy sources and frequency regulation : survey and new perspectives , 2010 .

[17]  Yi Wang,et al.  Control of DFIG-based wind farms for power network frequency support , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology.

[18]  Hassan Ghasemi,et al.  Maximum penetration level of wind generation considering power system security limits , 2012 .

[19]  Nicholas Jenkins,et al.  Power system frequency response from fixed speed and doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines , 2004 .

[20]  Shun-Hsien Huang,et al.  System Inertial Frequency Response estimation and impact of renewable resources in ERCOT interconnection , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[21]  J.A. Ferreira,et al.  Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[22]  Hassan Bevrani,et al.  Robust Power System Frequency Control , 2009 .

[23]  Boon-Teck Ooi,et al.  Estimation of Wind Penetration as Limited by Frequency Deviation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[24]  B. Fox,et al.  Validation of Fixed Speed Induction Generator Models for Inertial Response Using Wind Farm Measurements , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[25]  S. Santoso,et al.  Understanding inertial and frequency response of wind power plants , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications.

[26]  I. Erlich,et al.  Impact of large wind power generation on frequency stability , 2006, 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[27]  M. O'Malley,et al.  Frequency control on an island power system with increasing proportions of combined cycle gas turbines , 2003, 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,.

[28]  K. Clark,et al.  Frequency responsive wind plant controls: Impacts on grid performance , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[29]  Hamed Ahmadi,et al.  Security-Constrained Unit Commitment With Linearized System Frequency Limit Constraints , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[30]  Jan Pierik,et al.  Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines , 2006 .

[31]  G. Joos,et al.  Wind Power Impact on System Frequency Deviation and an ESS based Power Filtering Algorithm Solution , 2006, 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[32]  D. Kothari.  Optimal Load Frequency Control of an Interconnected Power System , 2011 .

[33]  J. Mitra,et al.  Enhancing stability performance of renewable energy generators by utilizing virtual inertia , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[34]  Jovan Ilic,et al.  Frequency Instability Problems in North American Interconnections , 2011 .

[35]  D. Infield,et al.  Investigation on the interaction between inertial response and droop control from variable speed wind turbines under changing wind conditions , 2012, 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC).

[36]  Boon-Teck Ooi,et al.  Frequency deviation of thermal power plants due to wind farms , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[37]  I. A. Gowaid,et al.  Improved inertia and frequency support from grid-connected DFIG wind farms , 2011, 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[38]  I. A. Erinmez,et al.  NGC experience with frequency control in England and Wales-provision of frequency response by generators , 1999, IEEE Power Engineering Society. 1999 Winter Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36233).

[39]  Somanath Majhi.  Optimal Load Frequency Control of an Interconnected Power System , 2011 .

[40]  Mohammed Benidris,et al.  Transient stability of distributed generators in the presence of energy storage devices , 2012, 2012 North American Power Symposium (NAPS).

[41]  J. Conto,et al.  Grid challenges on high penetration levels of wind power , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[42]  Babu Narayanan,et al.  POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND CONTROL , 2015 .

[43]  D. Flynn,et al.  The impact of combined-cycle gas turbine short-term dynamics on frequency control , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[44]  Noel Aubut,et al.  Wind farm inertia emulation to fulfill Hydro-Québec's specific need , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[45]  Danny Pudjianto,et al.  Impact of wind generation on the operation and development of the UK electricity systems , 2007 .

[46]  Ehab F. El-Saadany,et al.  Implementing Virtual Inertia in DFIG-Based Wind Power Generation , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[47]  Tai Nengling,et al.  Review of contribution to frequency control through variable speed wind turbine , 2011 .

[48]  Mats Wang-Hansen,et al.  Frequency Controlling Wind Power Modeling of Control Strategies , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[49]  A. Mullane,et al.  An Assessment of the Impact of Wind Generation on System Frequency Control , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.