3 – The Freely-oscillating Bubble

[1]  R. P. Chapman,et al.  Surface Backscattering Strengths Measured with Explosive Sound Sources , 1962 .

[2]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  An investigation of the collective oscillations of a bubble cloud , 1991 .

[3]  M. Lighthill On sound generated aerodynamically I. General theory , 1952, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[4]  Mark R. Loewen,et al.  Microwave backscatter and acoustic radiation from breaking waves , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[5]  Bubble Noise Creation Mechanisms , 1988 .

[6]  A. R. Stubbs,et al.  Bubbles in a freshwater lake , 1979, Nature.

[7]  Jin Wu,et al.  Bubble populations and spectra in near‐surface ocean: Summary and review of field measurements , 1981 .

[8]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Bubble‐related ambient noise in the ocean , 1985 .

[9]  J. E. Ffowcs Williams,et al.  Bubbles as sources of ambient noise , 1990 .

[10]  J. Field,et al.  Acoustic and photographic studies of injected bubbles , 1991 .

[11]  H. Pumphrey,et al.  Acoustic Emissions Associated with Drop Impacts , 1988 .

[12]  M. Longuet-Higgins An analytic model of sound production by raindrops , 1990, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[13]  A. Mallock,et al.  The Damping of Sound by Frothy Liquids , 1910 .

[14]  S. Thorpe The role of bubbles produced by breaking waves in super-saturating the near-surface ocean mixing layer with oxygen , 1984 .

[15]  M. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Resonance in nonlinear bubble oscillations , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[16]  T. Leighton,et al.  An experimental study of the sound emitted from gas bubbles in a liquid , 1987 .

[17]  The Production of High-Frequency Ambient Noise by Capillary Waves , 1993 .

[18]  M. Strasberg The Pulsation Frequency of Nonspherical Gas Bubbles in Liquids , 1953 .

[19]  M. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Nonlinear damping of bubble oscillations by resonant interaction , 1992 .

[20]  D. E. Spiel,et al.  Whitecap aerosol productivity deduced from simulation tank measurements , 1982 .

[21]  R. Dashen,et al.  Calculations of acoustic scattering from the ocean surface , 1990 .

[22]  Benjamin Friedlander,et al.  Detection of transient signals by the Gabor representation , 1989, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[23]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Linear pressure waves in bubbly liquids: Comparison between theory and experiments , 1989 .

[24]  R. Mesler,et al.  Part II: Bubble entrainment by drop‐formed vortex rings , 1981 .

[25]  Harold G. Donnelly,et al.  Gas bubble entrainment by plunging laminar liquid jets , 1966 .

[26]  S. Thorpe,et al.  The mixing layer of Loch Ness , 1980, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[27]  Kazumi Mori,et al.  Effect of physical properties of gas and liquid on bubbling-jetting phenomena in gas injection into liquid. , 1986 .

[28]  C. Devin,et al.  SURVEY OF THERMAL, RADIATION, AND VISCOUS DAMPING OF PULSATING AIR BUBBLES IN WATER , 1959 .

[29]  A. Prosperetti,et al.  Bubble entrainment by the impact of drops on liquid surfaces , 1990, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[30]  L. Foldy,et al.  The Multiple Scattering of Waves. I. General Theory of Isotropic Scattering by Randomly Distributed Scatterers , 1945 .

[31]  Wolfgang Bachmann A theoretical model for the backscattering strength of a composite‐roughness sea surface , 1973 .

[32]  Robert A. Weller,et al.  Langmuir circulation within the oceanic mixed layer , 1988 .

[33]  Stewart A. L. Glegg,et al.  Imaging the ocean with ambient noise , 1992, Nature.

[34]  M. Buckingham On acoustic transmission in ocean-surface waveguides , 1991, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[35]  J. Williams,et al.  On resonant nonlinear bubble oscillations , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[36]  John W. Kanwisher,et al.  On the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the sea , 1963 .

[37]  L. G. Leal,et al.  Numerical solution of free-boundary problems in fluid mechanics. Part 3. Bubble deformation in an axisymmetric straining flow , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[38]  Herman Medwin,et al.  In situ acoustic measurements of microbubbles at sea , 1977 .

[39]  L. Rayleigh On the Capillary Phenomena of Jets , 1879 .

[40]  C. Brennen,et al.  Nonlinear effects in the dynamics of clouds of bubbles. , 1991, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[41]  L. van Wijngaarden,et al.  One-Dimensional Flow of Liquids Containing Small Gas Bubbles , 1972 .

[42]  Frédéric Laville,et al.  Underwater sound generation by rainfall , 1991 .

[43]  H. Pumphrey Sources of Underwater Rain Noise , 1993 .

[44]  Y. Ozawa,et al.  Characteristics of Jetting Observed in Gas Injection into Liquid , 1983 .

[45]  Leif Bjørnø,et al.  Underwater explosion research using small amounts of chemical explosives , 1976 .

[46]  Philip R. Staal,et al.  Underwater acoustic ambient noise levels on the eastern Canadian continental shelf , 1990 .

[47]  Arthur B. Baggeroer,et al.  The Heard Island Feasibility Test , 1992 .

[48]  S. A. Thorpe,et al.  Small-scale processes in the upper ocean boundary layer , 1985, Nature.

[49]  Edward C. Monahan,et al.  Acoustically relevant bubble assemblages and their dependence on meteorological parameters , 1990 .

[50]  G. M. Wenz Acoustic Ambient Noise in the Ocean: Spectra and Sources , 1962 .

[51]  Herman Medwin,et al.  Instrumentation for in situ acoustical measurements of bubble spectra under breaking waves , 1989 .

[52]  M. Strasberg,et al.  Gas Bubbles as Sources of Sound in Liquids , 1956 .

[53]  Hugh C. Pumphrey,et al.  Experimental study of the sound emitted by water drops impacting on a water surface , 1988 .

[54]  J. Scrimger,et al.  Underwater noise due to rain ― open ocean measurements , 1989 .

[55]  S. McConnell Remote Sensing Of The Air-Sea Interface Using Microware Acoustics , 1983, Proceedings OCEANS '83.

[56]  A. Prosperetti,et al.  Bubble oscillations in the vicinity of a nearly plane free surface , 1990 .

[57]  J. Scrimger Underwater noise caused by precipitation , 1985, Nature.

[58]  R. Heitmeyer,et al.  Noise generation by bubbles formed in breaking waves , 1988 .

[59]  M. Longuet-Higgins The sound field due to an oscillating bubble near an indented free surface , 1990, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[60]  D. M. Farmer,et al.  Observations of High Frequency Ambient Sound Generated by Wind , 1988 .

[61]  D. Woolf,et al.  Bubbles and the air-sea exchange of gases in near-saturation conditions , 1991 .

[62]  David M. Farmer,et al.  Waveguide propagation of ambient sound in the ocean-surface bubble layer , 1989 .

[63]  J. Nystuen Rainfall measurements using underwater ambient noise , 1986 .

[64]  A. M. Worthington,et al.  Impact with a Liquid Surface, Studied by the Aid of Instantaneous Photography , 1897 .

[65]  P. Critchlow,et al.  Formation of vortex rings from falling drops , 1967, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[66]  J. E. Ffowcs Williams,et al.  Sound generation by turbulent two-phase flow , 1969, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[67]  The Influence of a Subsurface Bubble Layer on Wind Ambient Noise Generation , 1993 .

[68]  Edward C. Monahan,et al.  Optimal Power-Law Description of Oceanic Whitecap Coverage Dependence on Wind Speed , 1980 .

[69]  S. A. Thorpe,et al.  Bubble clouds and the dynamics of the upper ocean , 1992 .

[70]  E. G. Richardson The Impact of a Solid on a Liquid Surface , 1948 .

[71]  W. M. Carey,et al.  Low‐frequency noise and bubble plume oscillations , 1987 .

[72]  A. H. Woodcock,et al.  Bubble Formation and Modification in the Sea and its Meteorological Significance , 1957 .

[73]  Philip M. Morse,et al.  Linear Acoustic Theory , 1961 .

[74]  R. C. Cooke,et al.  Bubble populations and spectra in coastal waters: A photographic approach , 1979 .

[75]  Paul Elmore,et al.  The entrainment of bubbles by drop impacts , 1990, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[76]  Herman Medwin,et al.  Acoustic fluctuations due to microbubbles in the near‐surface ocean , 1974 .

[77]  The influence of wind on the underwater sound generated by light rain , 1987 .

[78]  M. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Monopole emission of sound by asymmetric bubble oscillations. Part 2. An initial-value problem , 1989, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[79]  R. Mesler,et al.  Bubble entrainment with drops , 1986 .

[80]  Bryan R. Kerman,et al.  The release of air bubbles from an underwater nozzle , 1991 .

[81]  K. Vokurka,et al.  Amplitudes of free bubble oscillations in liquids , 1990 .

[82]  L. Ostrovsky,et al.  Nonlinear Sound Scattering from Subsurface Bubble Layers , 1993 .

[83]  L. Ostrovsky,et al.  Nonlinear acoustic phenomena due to bubble drift in a gas–liquid mixture , 1989 .

[84]  R C Spindel Sound Transmission in the Ocean , 1985 .

[85]  L. Merlivat,et al.  Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates: Introduction and Synthesis , 1986 .

[86]  D. M. Farmer,et al.  On the spatial distribution of ocean bubbles , 1987 .

[87]  H. Medwin,et al.  Counting bubbles acoustically: a review , 1977 .

[88]  P. Mulhearn,et al.  Photographic measurements of bubble populations from breaking wind waves at sea , 1987 .

[89]  S. Thorpe The Horizontal Structure and Distribution of Bubble Clouds , 1988 .

[90]  W. M. Carey,et al.  Low‐frequency ocean surface noise sources , 1985 .

[91]  L. Ting,et al.  Effects of bubbly layers on wave propagation , 1989 .

[92]  Timothy G. Leighton,et al.  Acoustic bubble sizing by combination of subharmonic emissions with imaging frequency , 1991 .

[93]  S. A. Thorpe,et al.  Bubbles and breaking waves , 1980, Nature.

[94]  Milton S. Plesset,et al.  Nonlinear Effects in the Collapse of a Nearly Spherical Cavity in a Liquid , 1970 .

[95]  Walter Munk,et al.  Global Ocean Warming: An Acoustic Measure? , 1989 .

[96]  M. S. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Bubbles, breaking waves and hyperbolic jets at a free surface , 1983, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[97]  Michael J. Miksis,et al.  Effective equations for wave propagation in bubbly liquids , 1985, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[98]  Frank S. Henyey,et al.  Acoustic scattering from ocean microbubble plumes in the 100 Hz to 2 kHz region , 1991 .

[99]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Numerical calculation of the underwater noise of rain , 1991 .

[100]  E. Thorsos,et al.  Acoustic scattering from a ‘‘Pierson–Moskowitz’’ sea surface , 1989 .

[101]  B. Edward McDonald Echoes from vertically striated subresonant bubble clouds: A model for ocean surface reverberation , 1991 .

[102]  C. Brennen,et al.  Acoustical Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections of Spherical Bubble Clouds , 1988 .

[103]  I. Langmuir SURFACE MOTION OF WATER INDUCED BY WIND. , 1938, Science.

[104]  John C. Scott The role of salt in whitecap persistence , 1975 .

[105]  K. Vokurka On Rayleigh's model of a freely oscillating bubble. II. Results , 1985 .

[106]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Underwater noise emissions from bubble clouds , 1990 .

[107]  L. Merlivat,et al.  Modelling of gas flux through bubbles at the air-water interface , 1985 .

[108]  J. Pritchett Incompressible calculations of underwater explosion phenomena , 1971 .

[109]  Victor C. Anderson,et al.  Bubble noise and wavelet spills recorded 1 m below the ocean surface , 1991 .

[110]  Kurt Metzger,et al.  New estimates of sound speed in water , 1991 .

[111]  S. A. Thorpe,et al.  The characteristics of breaking waves, bubble clouds, and near-surface currents observed using side-scan sonar , 1983 .

[112]  Jin Wu,et al.  Bubbles in the near‐surface ocean: A general description , 1988 .

[113]  Herman Medwin,et al.  Acoustical measurements of bubble production by spilling breakers , 1990 .

[114]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Bubble Dynamics in Oceanic Ambient Noise , 1988 .

[115]  Sidney Leibovich,et al.  The form and Dynamics of Langmuir Circulations , 1983 .

[116]  G. J. Franz Splashes as Sources of Sound in Liquids , 1959 .

[117]  M. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Bubble noise spectra , 1990 .

[118]  A. Sutin,et al.  Nonlinear backscattering of acoustic waves in a bubble layer , 1984 .

[119]  A. Jones THE SOUNDS OF SPLASHES. , 1920, Science.

[120]  Acoustical Scattering from Near-Surface Bubble Layers , 1980 .

[121]  Y. Toba,et al.  Forced convection accompanying wind waves , 1975 .

[122]  H. Pumphrey,et al.  Free oscillations of near‐surface bubbles as a source of the underwater noise of rain , 1990 .

[123]  S. Warren,et al.  Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate , 1987, Nature.

[124]  Milton S. Plesset,et al.  Thermal Effects in the Free Oscillation of Gas Bubbles , 1971 .

[125]  J. Field,et al.  The physics of liquid impact, shock wave interactions with cavities, and the implications to shock wave lithotripsy. , 1991, Physics in medicine and biology.

[126]  M. Minnarert,et al.  Musical air-bubbles and the sound of running water , 1933 .

[127]  J P Dean,et al.  Three-Dimensional Flow in the Upper Ocean , 1985, Science.

[128]  H. Pumphrey,et al.  Underwater sound produced by individual drop impacts and rainfall , 1989 .

[129]  Harold Guthart,et al.  Numerical simulation of backscatter from linear and nonlinear ocean surface realizations , 1991 .

[130]  Y. Yang,et al.  A photographic study of bubble coalescence , 1983 .

[131]  R. P. Chapman,et al.  Surface Backscattering Strengths Measured over an Extended Range of Frequencies and Grazing Angles , 1964 .

[132]  K. Vokurka,et al.  On Rayleigh's model of a freely oscillating bubble. I. Basic relations , 1985 .

[133]  E. Pitts The stability of pendent liquid drops. Part 2. Axial symmetry , 1974, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[134]  Y. Guo,et al.  A theoretical study on drop impact sound and rain noise , 1991, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[135]  Herman Medwin,et al.  Bubble sources of the Knudsen sea noise spectra , 1989 .

[136]  Robert Pinkel,et al.  Velocity Structure in the Mixed Layer during MILDEX , 1987 .

[137]  The Sound Generated by Precipitation Striking the Ocean Surface , 1988 .

[138]  D. Milder,et al.  AN IMPROVED FORMALISM FOR WAVE SCATTERING FROM ROUGH SURFACES , 1991 .

[139]  Herman Medwin,et al.  Ambient and transient bubble spectral densities in quiescent seas and under spilling breakers , 1989 .

[140]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Cavitation and bubble bursting as sources of oceanic ambient noise , 1988 .

[141]  Jeffrey A. Nystuen,et al.  Impact and bubble sound from raindrops at normal and oblique incidence , 1990 .

[142]  S. Thorpe,et al.  On the clouds of bubbles formed by breaking wind-waves in deep water, and their role in air-sea gas transfer , 1982, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[143]  Donald A. Parsons,et al.  The relation of raindrop-size to intensity , 1943 .

[144]  N. Bom Effect of Rain on Underwater Noise Level , 1969 .

[145]  J. Field,et al.  Bubble Sizing by the Nonlinear Scattering of Two Acoustic Frequencies , 1993 .

[146]  L. Crum,et al.  Acoustic Cavitation , 1982 .

[147]  A. Watson,et al.  Air–sea gas exchange in rough and stormy seas measured by a dual-tracer technique , 1991, Nature.

[148]  Andrea Prosperetti,et al.  Surface-tension effects in the contact of liquid surfaces , 1989, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[149]  Roelof Omta,et al.  Oscillations of a cloud of bubbles of small and not so small amplitude , 1987 .

[150]  M. Minnaert XVI.On musical air-bubbles and the sounds of running water , 1933 .

[151]  S. A. Zieminski,et al.  Rates of oxygen transfer from air bubbles to aqueous NaCl solutions at various temperatures , 1976 .

[152]  D. Farmer,et al.  Organized structures in subsurface bubble clouds: Langmuir circulation in the open ocean , 1991 .

[153]  L. Merlivat,et al.  Satellite determination of the carbon dioxide exchange coefficient at the ocean‐atmosphere interface: A first step , 1988 .

[154]  Richard M. Detsch,et al.  The critical angle for gas bubble entrainment by plunging liquid jets , 1990 .

[155]  D. Farmer,et al.  Underwater noise due to rain, hail, and snow , 1987 .

[156]  E. G. Richardson,et al.  The Sounds of Impact of a Solid on a Liquid Surface , 1955 .

[157]  S. Baldy,et al.  Bubbles in the close vicinity of breaking waves: Statistical characteristics of the generation and dispersion mechanism , 1988 .

[158]  S. Thorpe Measurements with an Automatically Recording Inverted Echo Sounder; ARIES and the Bubble Clouds , 1986 .

[159]  Sources of Ambient Noise in the Ocean: AN Experimental Investigation. , 1989 .

[160]  S. A. Thorpe,et al.  The effect of Langmuir circulation on the distribution of submerged bubbles caused by breaking wind waves , 1984, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[161]  Anthony I. Eller,et al.  Damping Constants of Pulsating Bubbles , 1970 .

[162]  Paul A. Hwang,et al.  Air Bubbles Produced by Breaking Wind Waves: A Laboratory Study , 1990 .

[163]  N. Dingle,et al.  Terminal Fallspeeds of Raindrops , 1972 .

[164]  M. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  An ‘entraining plume’ model of a spilling breaker , 1974, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[165]  Bubbles between the wave trough and wave crest levels , 1987 .

[166]  Momoki Koga,et al.  Bubble entrainment in breaking wind waves , 1982 .

[167]  G. G. Stokes XVI. On the communication of vibration from a vibrating body to a surrounding gas , 1868, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

[168]  W. M. Carey,et al.  Low Frequency Ocean Ambient Noise: Measurements and Theory , 1988 .

[169]  M. Longuet-Higgins,et al.  Monopole emission of sound by asymmetric bubble oscillations. Part 1. Normal modes , 1989, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[170]  Andrew T. Jessup,et al.  Measurements of sea spikes in microwave backscatter at moderate incidence , 1990 .

[171]  B. Kerman Underwater sound generation by breaking wind waves , 1984 .

[172]  T. Leighton The frequency analysis of transients , 1988 .