Institutional theory and global entrepreneurship: exploring differences between factor- versus innovation-driven countries

Using the lenses of institutional theory, this study examines several Entrepreneurial Factor Conditions (National Experts Survey database) while focusing on potential differences of several institutional dimensions between factor- (or production) and innovation-driven countries. This study therefore examines first the extent to which several Scott’s institutional variables (normative, regulative, and cultural-cognitive) differ according to the economic structure of countries participating in NES-GEM. Results indicate that the relevance of both regulative and cultural-cognitive dimensions differ between the group of countries driven by factor (or production) versus innovation, with a single exception, the normative dimension. Second, the study fine tunes the analysis and examines the extent to which the relevance of the aforementioned dimensions differs in two distinct institutional contexts (Portugal and Angola). Results show that the relevance of all institutional variables is different except one, the basic education and training. A possible explanation for these results may be associated to the lack of and fragility of several institutions and the absence of norms and regulations needed for a well-functioning economy, particularly in what concerns the factor (or production)-driven countries. In terms of originality, the study addresses an area of the GEM model that is under-researched.ResumenA partir de la teoría institucional, este artículo examina varias condiciones de los factores emprendedores (base de datos de encuestas de Expertos Nacionales) y se centra en las posibles diferencias de varias dimensiones institucionales propuestas por Scott (1995) entre países orientados a los factores de producción y orientados a la innovación. Este estudio examina en primer lugar la medida en que varias variables institucionales (normativa, reguladora y cultural cognitiva) difieren de acuerdo a la estructura económica de los países que participan en NES-GEM. Los resultados indican que la puntuación media tanto de la dimensión reguladora como de la dimensión cultural-cognitiva es diferente entre el grupo de países orientados a los factores de producción frente al grupo de países orientados a la innovación, con una sola excepción: la dimensión normativa. En segundo lugar, el estudio afina el análisis y examina el grado en que la puntuación media de las dimensiones antes mencionadas difiere en dos contextos institucionales diferentes (Portugal y Angola). Los resultados muestran que la puntuación media de todas las variables institucionales es diferente, excepto una: la educación y la formación básica. Una posible explicación de estos resultados se puede asociar a la fragilidad en el funcionamiento de algunas instituciones, tales como la ausencia de normas y reglamentos necesarios para una economía que funcione bien, sobre todo en países impulsados por factores de producción. Una posible limitación se basa en el hecho de que el estudio sólo aborda los aspectos institucionales cubiertos en NES-GEM. En términos de originalidad, el estudio aborda un área del modelo GEM que está poco investigada.

[1]  Philip Selznick Leadership in administration , 1957 .

[2]  S. Eisenstadt Cultural Orientations, Institutional Entrepreneurs, and Social Change: Comparative Analysis of Traditional Civilizations , 1980, American Journal of Sociology.

[3]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[4]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[5]  D. North Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance: Economic performance , 1990 .

[6]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind , 1991 .

[7]  Scott Shane,et al.  Cultural influences on national rates of innovation , 1993 .

[8]  W. Powell,et al.  The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis , 1993 .

[9]  W. Scott,et al.  Institutions and Organizations. , 1995 .

[10]  Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive , 1996 .

[11]  M. Kohn,et al.  Social structure and personality under conditions of radical social change : A comparative analysis of Poland and Ukraine , 1997 .

[12]  T. Kostova,et al.  COUNTRY INSTITUTIONAL PROFILES: CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT. , 1997 .

[13]  M. Lounsbury,et al.  Ending the Family Quarrel , 1997 .

[14]  N. Fligstein,et al.  Social Skill and Institutional Theory , 1997 .

[15]  Douglass C. North,et al.  Understanding the Process of Economic Change , 1999 .

[16]  Lowell W. Busenitz,et al.  Country Institutional Profiles: Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena , 2000 .

[17]  Roy Thurik,et al.  Erim Report Series Research in Management What's New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies Bibliographic Data and Classifications , 2022 .

[18]  Ronald K. Mitchell,et al.  Cross-Cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision , 2000 .

[19]  Stephen L. Mueller,et al.  Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness , 2001 .

[20]  Robert J. House,et al.  Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE , 2001 .

[21]  Julie F. Pallant,et al.  SPSS Survival Manual , 2020 .

[22]  Laura Galloway,et al.  Global Entrepreneurship Monitor , 2002 .

[23]  Shaker A. Zahra,et al.  Culture and Its Consequences for Entrepreneurship , 2002 .

[24]  Kent E. Neupert,et al.  Culture and National Conditions Facilitating Entrepreneurial Start-ups , 2003 .

[25]  Garry D. Bruton,et al.  An institutional view of China's venture capital industry Explaining the differences between China and the West , 2003 .

[26]  C. Hardy,et al.  Institutional Entrepreneurship in Emerging Fields: HIV/AIDS Treatment Advocacy in Canada , 2004 .

[27]  A. Stel,et al.  Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development , 2005 .

[28]  E. Autio,et al.  Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Data Collection Design and Implementation 1998–2003 , 2005 .

[29]  Roy Thurik,et al.  The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth , 2005 .

[30]  Enterprise Learning: A Challenge to Education? , 2005 .

[31]  W. Scott Institutions and Organizations: Ideas and Interests , 2007 .

[32]  Leslie E. Palich,et al.  Economic Freedom and the Motivation to Engage in Entrepreneurial Action , 2008 .

[33]  Erkko Autio,et al.  A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model , 2008 .

[34]  Arminda M. Finisterra do Paço,et al.  Propensity to firm creation: empirical research using structural equations , 2008 .

[35]  C. Hardy,et al.  Discourse and Deinstitutionalization: the Decline of DDT , 2009 .

[36]  A. Goldstein,et al.  The Chinisation of Africa: The Case of Angola , 2009 .

[37]  Pia Arenius,et al.  Nations of Entrepreneurs: A Social Capital Perspective , 2010 .

[38]  Garry D. Bruton,et al.  Institutional differences and the development of entrepreneurial ventures: A comparison of the venture capital industries in Latin America and Asia , 2009 .

[39]  C. Román,et al.  Start-Up Incentives: Entrepreneurship Policy or Active Labour Market Programme? , 2010 .

[40]  Garry D. Bruton,et al.  Institutional Theory and Entrepreneurship: Where Are We Now and Where Do We Need to Move in the Future? , 2010 .

[41]  M. Dacin,et al.  Institutional Arrangements and International Entrepreneurship: The State as Institutional Entrepreneur , 2010 .

[42]  John B. Cullen,et al.  Formal and informal institutional effects on entrepreneurship: a synthesis of nation‐level research , 2010 .

[43]  Dirk De Clercq,et al.  The moderating effect of institutional context on the relationship between associational activity and new business activity in emerging economies , 2010 .

[44]  K. Mark Weaver,et al.  Cultural Influences on Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and Proactiveness in SMEs , 2010 .

[45]  L. Uhlaner,et al.  Performance-based vs socially supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship , 2010 .

[46]  Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues,et al.  Behaviours and entrepreneurial intention: Empirical findings about secondary students , 2011 .

[47]  D. Urbano,et al.  Environmental Factors and Entrepreneurial Activity in Latin America , 2011 .

[48]  R. Zammuto,et al.  Creating opportunities for institutional entrepreneurship: The Colonel and the Cup in English County Cricket , 2013 .

[49]  Niels Bosma,et al.  The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and Its Impact on Entrepreneurship Research , 2013 .

[50]  Niels Bosma,et al.  Ten years of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: accomplishments and prospects , 2013 .

[51]  Allan O’Connor A conceptual framework for entrepreneurship education policy: Meeting government and economic purposes , 2013 .

[52]  E. Autio,et al.  Comparing subjective and objective indicators to describe the national entrepreneurial context: the global entrepreneurship monitor and the global competitiveness index contributions , 2013 .

[53]  Michael E. Valdez,et al.  Institutional Determinants of Macro–Level Entrepreneurship , 2013 .

[54]  David Urbano,et al.  Institutional dimensions and entrepreneurial activity: an international study , 2014 .

[55]  T. Schøtt,et al.  Innovation embedded in entrepreneurs’ networks and national educational systems , 2014 .

[56]  José Ernesto Amorós,et al.  GEM research: achievements and challenges , 2014 .

[57]  Virginia Simón-Moya,et al.  Institutional and economic drivers of entrepreneurship: An international perspective , 2014 .

[58]  Ekaterina Turkina,et al.  Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship , 2014 .

[59]  Rakesh B. Sambharya,et al.  Institutional environment and entrepreneurship: An empirical study across countries , 2014 .

[60]  J. Woolley,et al.  Opportunities and institutions: A co-creation story of the king crab industry , 2015 .

[61]  António Caetano,et al.  Culture in Angola: insights for human resources management , 2015 .

[62]  Per Davidsson,et al.  Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus : a re-conceptualization , 2015 .

[63]  C. Stride,et al.  Institutions and social entrepreneurship: The role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations , 2014, Journal of International Business Studies.

[64]  Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues,et al.  Entrepreneurial intentions: is education enough? , 2013, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal.

[65]  Theodore A. Khoury,et al.  Entrepreneurship Amid Concurrent Institutional Constraints in Less Developed Countries , 2016 .

[66]  Jie Chen,et al.  Internationalization and value orientation of entrepreneurial ventures—a Latin American perspective , 2016 .

[67]  J. Ruiz-Navarro,et al.  Entrepreneurship and strategies for economic development , 2016 .

[68]  Roy Thurik,et al.  Total factor productivity and the role of entrepreneurship , 2009 .