From identification of compatibilities and conflicts to reaching marine spatial allocation agreements. Review of actions required and relevant tools and processes

Abstract Conflicts related to the use of marine space may emerge both at the spatial and the decision making level, prior to and/or after the adoption of a marine spatial plan. Marine conflict management is inherent in marine spatial planning (MSP) and should include three stages: a) identification of compatibilities and conflicts, b) avoidance of conflicts, and if required c) resolution of conflicts. Various decision support tools and processes tested so far that aim to address marine conflict management have proved successful in providing identification and visualization of spatial conflicts and compatibilities and their relevant trade-offs and thus in assisting in conflict avoidance efforts. However, in case conflict resolution is required, they fail to provide a final solution (e.g. allocation of space) acceptable by all parties involved. This happens because the (spatial) allocation rules that these processes adopt usually focus only on ensuring efficiency that is not enough to guarantee a (single) mutually acceptable solution. In the present paper, it is suggested that apart from ensuring efficiency, a solution should also ensure fairness, equity, transparency, sustainability and consideration of synergies that may emerge, both at the spatial and at the decision making level. In conclusion, there is no single tool or process that can satisfactory address all conflict management stages, and thus a careful selection and combination of decision support tools and processes is required to facilitate the production of an integrated mutually acceptable marine spatial plan.

[1]  Scott McCreary,et al.  Case Analyses Creating Stable Agreements in Marine Policy: Learning from the California South Coast Marine Life Protection Act Initiative , 2016 .

[2]  Steven Degraer,et al.  Bargaining a net gain compensation agreement between a marine renewable energy developer and a marine protected area manager , 2015 .

[3]  Fanny Douvere,et al.  Ecosystem-Based Marine Spatial Management: An Evolving Paradigm for the Management of Coastal and Marine Places , 2009 .

[4]  David A. Kravitz,et al.  Coalition Formation: A Social Psychological Approach , 1983 .

[5]  P. Olsson,et al.  Adaptive governance of the Baltic Sea - lessons from elsewhere , 2015 .

[6]  Ron Janssen,et al.  Map-based multicriteria analysis to support interactive land use allocation , 2011, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[7]  James N. Sanchirico,et al.  Ocean Zoning and Spatial Access Privileges: Rewriting the Tragedy of the Regulated Ocean , 2009 .

[8]  J. Nash.  Two-Person Cooperative Games , 1953 .

[9]  Carrie V. Kappel,et al.  Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[10]  K. Hipel,et al.  Modeling the Caspian Sea Negotiations , 2010 .

[11]  L. Burke,et al.  Coastal Capital: Ecosystem Valuation for Decision Making in the Caribbean , 2014 .

[12]  J. Nash,et al.  NON-COOPERATIVE GAMES , 1951, Classics in Game Theory.

[13]  Jiska de Groot,et al.  Investigating the co-existence of fisheries and offshore renewable energy in the UK: Identification of a mitigation agenda for fishing effort displacement , 2014 .

[14]  K. Bruckmeier,et al.  Swedish coastal fisheries--From conflict mitigation to participatory management , 2008 .

[15]  R. Lejano,et al.  A cooperative game-theoretic framework for negotiating marine spatial allocation agreements among heterogeneous players. , 2017, Journal of environmental management.

[16]  Qiqi Zhou.  The Princess in the Castle: Challenging Serious Game Play for Integrated Policy Analysis and Planning , 2014 .

[17]  Andreas Kannen,et al.  Challenges for marine spatial planning in the context of multiple sea uses, policy arenas and actors based on experiences from the German North Sea , 2014, Regional Environmental Change.

[18]  Meinfried Striegnitz,et al.  Conflicts over coastal protection in a National Park: Mediation and negotiated law making , 2006 .

[19]  T. Coppens.  How to Turn a Planning Conflict into a Planning Success? Conditions for Constructive Conflict Management in the Case of Ruggeveld-Boterlaar-Silsburg in Antwerp, Belgium , 2014 .

[20]  Gustavo A. Arciniegas,et al.  Interactive Marine Spatial Planning: Siting Tidal Energy Arrays around the Mull of Kintyre , 2012, PloS one.

[21]  L. Shapley.  A Value for n-person Games , 1988 .

[22]  T. Gray,et al.  Diverging strategies to planning an ecologically coherent network of MPAs in the North Sea: the roles of advocacy, evidence and pragmatism in the face of uncertainty. , 2014, Advances in marine biology.

[23]  R. O’Leary,et al.  Research Report: Control, Communication, and Power: A Study of the Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution of Enforcement Actions at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , 2001 .

[24]  G. Daily,et al.  Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales , 2009 .

[25]  Wanfei Qiu,et al.  The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe , 2013 .

[26]  James N. Sanchirico,et al.  Marine spatial planning in practice , 2013 .

[27]  T. Suzuki,et al.  Solutions for cooperative games with and without transferable utility , 2015 .

[28]  Hugh P. Possingham,et al.  Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among social equity, economic return, and conservation , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  Joey R. Bernhardt,et al.  Modeling benefits from nature: using ecosystem services to inform coastal and marine spatial planning , 2012 .

[30]  Kaveh Madani,et al.  Game Theory Insights for the Caspian Sea Conflict , 2011 .

[31]  T. Smythe,et al.  Identifying Marine Spatial Planning Gaps, Opportunities, and Partners: An Assessment , 2014 .

[32]  Amanda E. Cravens,et al.  Negotiation and Decision Making with Collaborative Software: How MarineMap ‘Changed the Game’ in California’s Marine Life Protected Act Initiative , 2016, Environmental Management.

[33]  Suzanne D. Pawlowski,et al.  The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications , 2004, Inf. Manag..

[34]  Steven Degraer,et al.  Coexistence dilemmas in European marine spatial planning practices. The case of marine renewables and marine protected areas , 2016 .

[35]  J. Sanchirico,et al.  Mapping ecosystem functions to the valuation of ecosystem services: implications of species–habitat associations for coastal land-use decisions , 2009, Theoretical Ecology.

[36]  A. Dinar,et al.  Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues: 3. Application to Water Resources , 2006 .

[37]  K. Madani,et al.  Social Planner’s Solution for the Caspian Sea Conflict , 2014 .

[38]  Susan S. Raines,et al.  Lessons Learned from Two Decades of Alternative Dispute Resolution Programs and Processes at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , 2001 .

[39]  Janet G. Webster,et al.  Looking for Safe Harbor in a Crowded Sea: Coastal Space Use Conflict and Marine Renewable Energy Development , 2010 .

[40]  Carissa J Klein,et al.  Ocean zoning for conservation, fisheries and marine renewable energy: assessing trade-offs and co-location opportunities. , 2015, Journal of environmental management.

[41]  Fanny Douvere,et al.  Visions for a sea change. Report of the first international workshop on marine spatial planning , 2007 .

[42]  Arthur O Tuda,et al.  Resolving coastal conflicts using marine spatial planning. , 2014, Journal of environmental management.

[43]  James N. Sanchirico,et al.  Comprehensive Planning, Dominant-Use Zones, and User Rights: A New Era in Ocean Governance , 2009 .

[44]  Pjs Jones,et al.  Approaches for addressing conflicts in the MESMA case studies , 2013 .

[45]  J. Nash.  THE BARGAINING PROBLEM , 1950, Classics in Game Theory.

[46]  S. Daniels,et al.  Working Through Environmental Conflict: The Collaborative Learning Approach , 2001 .

[47]  D. Schmeidler.  The Nucleolus of a Characteristic Function Game , 1969 .

[48]  Judith A. Layzer.  Citizen Participation and Government Choice in Local Environmental Controversies , 2002 .

[49]  Hugh P. Possingham,et al.  Principles for Stakeholder Involvement in Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning , 2011 .

[50]  John K Murnighan,et al.  Organizational coalitions: Structural contingencies and the formation process , 1986 .

[51]  John K. Gamman,et al.  Applying a Mediated Negotiation Framework to Integrated Coastal Zone Management , 2001 .

[52]  P. Mullen.  Delphi: myths and reality. , 2003, Journal of health organization and management.

[53]  C. Ehler,et al.  Conclusions: Benefits, lessons learned, and future challenges of marine spatial planning , 2008 .

[54]  L. Crowder,et al.  Resolving Mismatches in U.S. Ocean Governance , 2006, Science.

[55]  Pascal Gastineau,et al.  Compensating for environmental damages , 2014 .

[56]  Michael Elliott,et al.  A proposed multiple-use zoning scheme for the Irish Sea.: An interpretation of current legislation through the use of GIS-based zoning approaches and effectiveness for the protection of nature conservation interests , 2007 .

[57]  E. Kalai,et al.  OTHER SOLUTIONS TO NASH'S BARGAINING PROBLEM , 1975 .

[58]  R. Myerson.  Two-Person Bargaining Problems with Incomplete Information , 1982 .

[59]  Ni-Bin Chang,et al.  Bringing Environmental Benefits into Caspian Sea Negotiations for Resources Allocation: Cooperative Game Theory Insights , 2012 .

[60]  B. Korf,et al.  Negotiation and mediation techniques for natural resource management , 2005 .

[61]  Murdoch K. McAllister,et al.  A perspective on the use of spatialized indicators for ecosystem-based fishery management through spatial zoning , 2005 .

[62]  Sylvain Pioch,et al.  The multi-use in wind farm projects: more conflicts or a win-win opportunity? , 2011 .

[63]  B. Halpern,et al.  Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning , 2013 .

[64]  R. Pomeroy,et al.  The engagement of stakeholders in the marine spatial planning process , 2008 .

[65]  Ol'ga Stepanova,et al.  The relevance of environmental conflict research for coastal management. A review of concepts, approaches and methods with a focus on Europe , 2013 .

[66]  A. Dinar,et al.  Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues: 2. Application to Natural and Environmental Resources , 2006 .