Epidemiology, risk factors, and the promotion of pancreatic cancer: Role of the stellate cell

There are approximately 277 000 new cases of pancreatic cancer and 266 000 deaths from pancreatic cancer annually, indicating a mortality rate of 96% of the cases diagnosed. Because of the ineffectiveness of therapies, a major emphasis needs to be placed on prevention. This paper reviews the epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer, and uses this information to propose plausible research directions for determining the biological mechanisms mediating the effects of risk factors on the promotion of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on the pancreatic stellate cell.

[1]  U. Nöthlings,et al.  Cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition , 2010, International journal of cancer.

[2]  C. Mathers,et al.  Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 , 2010, International journal of cancer.

[3]  A. Buck,et al.  Pancreatic carcinoma cells induce fibrosis by stimulating proliferation and matrix synthesis of stellate cells. , 2005, Gastroenterology.

[4]  Patrick Maisonneuve,et al.  Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: An Update , 2010, Digestive Diseases.

[5]  D. Jaffe.  Bacterial Endotoxin: A Trigger Factor for Alcoholic Pancreatitis? Evidence From a Novel, Physiologically Relevant Animal Model , 2008 .

[6]  C. Cho,et al.  Contribution of alcohol and tobacco use in gastrointestinal cancer development. , 2009, Methods in molecular biology.

[7]  L Wood,et al.  Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[8]  Peter Boyle,et al.  Tobacco smoking and cancer: A meta‐analysis , 2008, International journal of cancer.

[9]  S. Pandol,et al.  NADPH Oxidase Activation in Pancreatic Cancer Cells Is Mediated through Akt-dependent Up-regulation of p22phox* , 2010, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[10]  M. Inoue,et al.  Body mass index, physical activity and the risk of pancreatic cancer in relation to smoking status and history of diabetes: a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan–The JPHC study , 2007, Cancer Causes & Control.

[11]  S. Reif,et al.  Vitamin D inhibits proliferation and profibrotic marker expression in hepatic stellate cells and decreases thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats , 2011, Gut.

[12]  P. Sillanaukee,et al.  Alcohol misuse increases serum antibodies to oxidized LDL and C-reactive protein. , 2004, Alcohol and alcoholism.

[13]  Soo-Ho Choi,et al.  Low Doses of Lipopolysaccharide and Minimally Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Cooperatively Activate Macrophages via Nuclear Factor &kgr;B and Activator Protein-1: Possible Mechanism for Acceleration of Atherosclerosis by Subclinical Endotoxemia , 2010, Circulation research.

[14]  M. Omary,et al.  The pancreatic stellate cell: a star on the rise in pancreatic diseases. , 2007, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[15]  Dhiraj Yadav,et al.  The role of alcohol and smoking in pancreatitis , 2010, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology.

[16]  D. Goldstein,et al.  Pancreatic stellate cells and pancreatic cancer cells: an unholy alliance. , 2008, Cancer research.

[17]  D. Albanes,et al.  Insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and pancreatic cancer in male smokers. , 2005, JAMA.

[18]  S. Mohr,et al.  Ultraviolet B Irradiance and Vitamin D Status are Inversely Associated With Incidence Rates of Pancreatic Cancer Worldwide , 2010, Pancreas.

[19]  A. Roddam,et al.  Pancreatic cancer in type 1 and young-onset diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2007, British Journal of Cancer.

[20]  Jinshun Zhao,et al.  Oxidized low‐density lipoproteins bind to the scavenger receptor, CD36, of hepatic stellate cells and stimulate extracellular matrix synthesis , 2001, Hepatology.

[21]  A. Masamune,et al.  Signal transduction in pancreatic stellate cells , 2009, Journal of Gastroenterology.

[22]  S Kumar,et al.  Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[23]  Yan-Ling Wang,et al.  Ethanol Augments PDGF-Induced NADPH Oxidase Activity and Proliferation in Rat Pancreatic Stellate Cells , 2007, Pancreatology.

[24]  W. D. de Villiers,et al.  Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides Published, JLR Papers in Press, September 24, 2008. , 2009, Journal of Lipid Research.

[25]  M. Korsten,et al.  Does alcohol directly stimulate pancreatic fibrogenesis? Studies with rat pancreatic stellate cells. , 2000, Gastroenterology.

[26]  A. Andrén-sandberg,et al.  Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  A. Dyer,et al.  Abnormal glucose metabolism and pancreatic cancer mortality. , 2000, JAMA.

[28]  H. Kern,et al.  Distribution of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Its Influence on Tumor Cell Proliferation in Vitro , 1987, Pancreas.

[29]  M. de Andrade,et al.  Pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus: prevalence and temporal association with diagnosis of cancer. , 2008, Gastroenterology.

[30]  M. Okada,et al.  Geographical distribution for malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in relation to selected climatic factors in Japan , 2007, International journal of health geographics.

[31]  M. Woodward,et al.  Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies , 2005, British Journal of Cancer.

[32]  L. Cosmi,et al.  Evaluation of intracellular signalling pathways in response to insulin-like growth factor I in apoptotic-resistant activated human hepatic stellate cells , 2009, Fibrogenesis & tissue repair.

[33]  P. Maisonneuve,et al.  Early Onset Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence of a Major Role for Smoking and Genetic Factors , 2007, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[34]  W. Grant,et al.  Possible role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in black-white health disparities in the United States. , 2010, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[35]  K. Lillemoe,et al.  Why Do Black Americans Have a Higher Risk of Pancreatic Cancer than White Americans? , 2003, Epidemiology.

[36]  Rakesh K. Kumar,et al.  Bacterial endotoxin: a trigger factor for alcoholic pancreatitis? Evidence from a novel, physiologically relevant animal model. , 2007, Gastroenterology.

[37]  S. Pandol,et al.  Extracellular matrix proteins protect pancreatic cancer cells from death via mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial pathways. , 2003, Gastroenterology.

[38]  S. Srivastava,et al.  Inhibition of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) by capsaicin in LSL-KrasG12D/Pdx1-Cre mice. , 2011, Carcinogenesis.

[39]  J K McLaughlin,et al.  Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  A. Masamune,et al.  Pancreatic stellate cells radioprotect pancreatic cancer cells through β1-integrin signaling. , 2011, Cancer research.

[41]  K. Pogue-Geile,et al.  Pancreatitis as a risk for pancreatic cancer. , 2002, Gastroenterology clinics of North America.

[42]  Douglas B. Evans,et al.  Cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts promote pancreatic tumor progression. , 2008, Cancer research.

[43]  C. Erridge.  The roles of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in atherosclerosis. , 2008, Trends in cardiovascular medicine.

[44]  S. Pandol,et al.  Desmoplasia of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. , 2009, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[45]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Alcohol drinking and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta‐analysis of the dose‐risk relation , 2010, International journal of cancer.

[46]  M. Irwin,et al.  Nocturnal proinflammatory cytokine-associated sleep disturbances in abstinent African American alcoholics , 2004, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[47]  Anping Chen,et al.  Curcumin eliminates oxidized LDL roles in activating hepatic stellate cells by suppressing gene expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 , 2009, Laboratory Investigation.

[48]  J S Wilson,et al.  Desmoplastic Reaction in Pancreatic Cancer: Role of Pancreatic Stellate Cells , 2004, Pancreas.

[49]  J. Torday,et al.  Evidence for in vivo nicotine-induced alveolar interstitial fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation , 2010, Experimental lung research.

[50]  C. Day.  Metabolic syndrome, or What you will: definitions and epidemiology , 2007, Diabetes & vascular disease research.

[51]  N. Lanthier,et al.  The metabolic syndrome: how it may influence hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrosis , 2009, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[52]  Jeffrey S. Morris,et al.  Body Mass Index and Risk , Age of Onset , and Survival in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer , 2009 .