Differences in intersaccadic adaptation transfer between inward and outward adaptation.

Saccadic adaptation is a mechanism to increase or decrease the amplitude gain of subsequent saccades, if a saccade is not on target. Recent research has shown that the mechanism of gain increasing, or outward adaptation, and the mechanism of gain decreasing, or inward adaptation, rely on partly different processes. We investigate how outward and inward adaptation of reactive saccades transfer to other types of saccades, namely scanning, overlap, memory-guided, and gap saccades. Previous research has shown that inward adaptation of reactive saccades transfers only partially to these other saccade types, suggesting differences in the control mechanisms between these saccade categories. We show that outward adaptation transfers stronger to scanning and overlap saccades than inward adaptation, and that the strength of transfer depends on the duration for which the saccade target is visible before saccade onset. Furthermore, we show that this transfer is mainly driven by an increase in saccade duration, which is apparent for all saccade categories. Inward adaptation, in contrast, is accompanied by a decrease in duration and in peak velocity, but only the peak velocity decrease transfers from reactive saccades to other saccade categories, i.e., saccadic duration remains constant or even increases for test saccades of the other categories. Our results, therefore, show that duration and peak velocity are independent parameters of saccadic adaptation and that they are differently involved in the transfer of adaptation between saccade categories. Furthermore, our results add evidence that inward and outward adaptation are different processes.

[1]  D P Munoz,et al.  Saccadic reaction time in the monkey: advanced preparation of oculomotor programs is primarily responsible for express saccade occurrence. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[2]  Robin Walker,et al.  What determines the direction of microsaccades , 2010 .

[3]  Thérèse Collins,et al.  Eye movement signals influence perception: Evidence from the adaptation of reactive and volitional saccades , 2006, Vision Research.

[4]  Wilsaan M. Joiner,et al.  Adaptive Control of Saccades via Internal Feedback , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[5]  Tyler W. Garaas,et al.  A gaze-contingent paradigm for studying continuous saccadic adaptation , 2008, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[6]  D. Pelisson,et al.  Separate Neural Substrates in the Human Cerebellum for Sensory-motor Adaptation of Reactive and of Scanning Voluntary Saccades , 2008, The Cerebellum.

[7]  R. Abrams,et al.  Adaptive modification of saccadic eye movements. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[8]  M. Landy,et al.  The effect of viewpoint on perceived visual roughness. , 2007, Journal of vision.

[9]  Reza Shadmehr,et al.  Changes in Control of Saccades during Gain Adaptation , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  H Deubel,et al.  Adaptive gain control of saccadic eye movements. , 1986, Human neurobiology.

[11]  M. Banks,et al.  How does saccade adaptation affect visual perception? , 2008, Journal of vision.

[12]  C. Scudder,et al.  Comparison of two methods of producing adaptation of saccade size and implications for the site of plasticity. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[13]  M. Lappe,et al.  Motor signals in visual localization. , 2010, Journal of vision.

[14]  H. Deubel,et al.  Differential Effect of a Bilateral Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Lesion on Externally and Internally Triggered Saccades in Humans , 1995 .

[15]  G. Rhodes,et al.  Sex-specific norms code face identity. , 2011, Journal of vision.

[16]  G. Kommerell,et al.  Adaptive programming of phasic and tonic components in saccadic eye movements. Investigations of patients with abducens palsy. , 1976, Investigative ophthalmology.

[17]  S. Lynch,et al.  Sensory Processing , 2004 .

[18]  Denis Pélisson,et al.  Spatial transfer of adaptation of scanning voluntary saccades in humans , 2008, Neuroreport.

[19]  M. Desmurget,et al.  Self-generated saccades do not modify the gain of adapted reactive saccades , 2005, Experimental Brain Research.

[20]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Transfer of gain changes from targeting to other types of saccade in the monkey: constraints on possible sites of saccadic gain adaptation. , 1996, Journal of neurophysiology.

[21]  C. J. Erkelens,et al.  Selective adaptation of internally triggered saccades made to visual targets , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[22]  T Anstis,et al.  Saccadic plasticity: parametric adaptive control by retinal feedback. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[23]  Markus Lappe,et al.  Mislocalization of Flashed and Stationary Visual Stimuli after Adaptation of Reactive and Scanning Saccades , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[24]  F. Hamker,et al.  Influence of adaptation state and stimulus luminance on peri-saccadic localization. , 2008, Journal of vision.

[25]  D. Pélisson,et al.  Sensory Processing of Motor Inaccuracy Depends on Previously Performed Movement and on Subsequent Motor Corrections: A Study of the Saccadic System , 2011, PloS one.

[26]  Katharina Havermann,et al.  The influence of the consistency of postsaccadic visual errors on saccadic adaptation. , 2010, Journal of neurophysiology.

[27]  Houeto Jean-Luc [Parkinson's disease]. , 2022, La Revue du praticien.

[28]  F R Robinson,et al.  Visual error is the stimulus for saccade gain adaptation. , 2001, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[29]  L. Dell’Osso,et al.  Saccadic system plasticity in humans , 1978, Annals of neurology.

[30]  K. Shapiro,et al.  The contingent negative variation (CNV) event-related potential (ERP) predicts the attentional blink , 2008 .

[31]  A. Fuchs,et al.  The characteristics and neuronal substrate of saccadic eye movement plasticity , 2004, Progress in Neurobiology.

[32]  Christopher T. Noto,et al.  Temporal characteristics of error signals driving saccadic gain adaptation in the macaque monkey. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[33]  Markus Lappe,et al.  Adaptation and mislocalization fields for saccadic outward adaptation in humans , 2010 .

[34]  Heiner Deubel,et al.  Rapid gain adaptation affects the dynamics of saccadic eye movements in humans , 1995, Vision Research.

[35]  D. Munoz,et al.  Saccadic Reaction Time in the Monkey: Advanced Oculomotor Programs is Primarily Responsible for Occurrence Preparation of Express Saccade , 2002 .

[36]  S. C. Mclaughlin Parametric adjustment in saccadic eye movements , 1967 .

[37]  H. Deubel ADAPTIVITY OF GAIN AND DIRECTION IN OBLIQUE SACCADES1 , 1987 .

[38]  A. Opstal,et al.  Transfer of short-term adaptation in human saccadic eye movements , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[39]  D. Munoz,et al.  Saccadic Probability Influences Motor Preparation Signals and Time to Saccadic Initiation , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[40]  A. Fuchs,et al.  Saccadic gain modification: visual error drives motor adaptation. , 1998, Journal of neurophysiology.

[41]  Masahiko Fujita,et al.  Selective and delay adaptation of human saccades. , 2002, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[42]  Marc Pomplun,et al.  Distorted object perception following whole-field adaptation of saccadic eye movements. , 2011, Journal of vision.

[43]  J. Yelnik,et al.  Involvement of the cerebellar thalamus in human saccade adaptation , 2001, The European journal of neuroscience.

[44]  H. Deubel Separate adaptive mechanisms for the control of reactive and volitional saccadic eye movements , 1995, Vision Research.

[45]  Heiner Deubel,et al.  Post-saccadic location judgments reveal remapping of saccade targets to non-foveal locations. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[46]  A Straube,et al.  Decrease in saccadic performance after many visually guided saccadic eye movements in monkeys. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[47]  J E Albano,et al.  Rapid adaptation of saccadic amplitude in humans and monkeys. , 1989, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[48]  L. Optican,et al.  Cerebellar-dependent adaptive control of primate saccadic system. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[49]  Christopher T. Noto,et al.  Characteristics of simian adaptation fields produced by behavioral changes in saccade size and direction. , 1999, Journal of neurophysiology.

[50]  Richard D. Jones,et al.  Adaptive modification of saccade amplitude in Parkinson's disease. , 2002, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[51]  Peter Thier,et al.  Cerebellar-dependent motor learning is based on pruning a Purkinje cell population response , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[52]  Jean-Louis Vercher,et al.  Adaptation of voluntary saccades, but not of reactive saccades, transfers to hand pointing movements. , 2007, Journal of neurophysiology.

[53]  Denis Pélisson,et al.  Behavioral evidence of separate adaptation mechanisms controlling saccade amplitude lengthening and shortening. , 2009, Journal of neurophysiology.

[54]  Anthony J. Sherbondy,et al.  ConTrack: finding the most likely pathways between brain regions using diffusion tractography. , 2008, Journal of vision.

[55]  F. Vitu,et al.  On the limited role of target onset in the gap task: support for the motor-preparation hypothesis. , 2007, Journal of vision.

[56]  J. Vercher,et al.  Mechanisms of short-term saccadic adaptation. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[57]  Denis Pélisson,et al.  Oculomotor plasticity: Are mechanisms of adaptation for reactive and voluntary saccades separate? , 2007, Brain Research.

[58]  Denis Pélisson,et al.  Adaptation of reactive and voluntary saccades: different patterns of adaptation revealed in the antisaccade task , 2009, The Journal of physiology.

[59]  Scott E. Bevans,et al.  Effect of visual error size on saccade adaptation in monkey. , 2003, Journal of neurophysiology.

[60]  D. Pélisson,et al.  Sensorimotor adaptation of saccadic eye movements , 2010, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[61]  Albert F. Fuchs,et al.  Investigating the site of human saccadic adaptation with express and targeting saccades , 2002, Experimental Brain Research.

[62]  P. Thier,et al.  Reduced saccadic resilience and impaired saccadic adaptation due to cerebellar disease , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[63]  Patrick Cavanagh,et al.  Global saccadic adaptation , 2010, Vision Research.

[64]  S Lebedev,et al.  Square-root relations between main saccadic parameters. , 1996, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[65]  Markus Lappe,et al.  Motor space structures perceptual space: Evidence from human saccadic adaptation , 2007, Brain Research.

[66]  Albert F. Fuchs,et al.  Identifying sites of saccade amplitude plasticity in humans: transfer of adaptation between different types of saccade , 2010, Experimental Brain Research.