Adaptive control of base-isolated structures against near-field earthquakes using variable friction dampers

Abstract This paper investigates the effectiveness of two adaptive control strategies for modulating the control force of variable friction dampers (VFDs) that are employed as semi-active devices in combination with laminated rubber bearings for the seismic protection of buildings. The first controller developed in this study is an adaptive fuzzy neural controller (AFNC). It consists of a direct fuzzy controller with self-tuning scaling factors based on neural networks. A simple neural network is implemented to adjust the input and output scaling factors such that the fuzzy controller effectively determines the command voltage of the damper according to current level of ground motion. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to learn the shape of the activation functions of the network. The second controller is based on the simple adaptive control (SAC) method, which is a type of direct adaptive control approach. The objective of the SAC method is to make the plant, the controlled system, track the behavior of the structure with the optimum performance. Here, SAC methodology is employed to obtain the required control force which results in the optimum performance of the structure. For comparison purposes, an optimal linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is also developed and considered in the simulations together with maximum passive operation of the friction damper. The results reveal that the developed adaptive controllers can successfully improve the seismic response of base-isolated buildings against various types of earthquake.

[1]  Kalyanmoy Deb,et al.  A Fast Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Multi-objective Optimisation: NSGA-II , 2000, PPSN.

[2]  S. Hurlebaus,et al.  Smart structure dynamics , 2006 .

[3]  Kalyanmoy Deb,et al.  A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II , 2002, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[4]  Henri P. Gavin,et al.  Optimal Control: Basis for Performance Comparison of Passive and Semiactive Isolation Systems , 2006 .

[5]  Osman E. Ozbulut,et al.  Superelastic semi‐active damping of a base‐isolated structure , 2008 .

[6]  Anil K. Agrawal,et al.  Novel Semiactive Friction Controller for Linear Structures against Earthquakes , 2003 .

[7]  L. Gaul,et al.  The Role of Friction in Mechanical Joints , 2001 .

[8]  Andre Filiatrault,et al.  Seismic Response Control of Buildings Using Friction Dampers , 1993 .

[9]  Satish Nagarajaiah,et al.  Seismic response control of smart sliding isolated buildings using variable stiffness systems: an experimental and numerical study , 2006 .

[10]  Billie F. Spencer,et al.  “Smart” Base Isolation Strategies Employing Magnetorheological Dampers , 2002 .

[11]  Michael C. Constantinou,et al.  Semi-active control systems for seismic protection of structures: a state-of-the-art review , 1999 .

[12]  Meng-Hao Tsai,et al.  Performance of a Seismically Isolated Bridge under Near-Fault Earthquake Ground Motions , 2004 .

[13]  Itzhak Barkana,et al.  On Gain Conditions and Convergence of Simple Adaptive Control , 2003 .

[14]  James M. Kelly,et al.  The role of damping in seismic isolation , 1999 .

[15]  Pierre E. Dupont,et al.  SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL OF FRICTION DAMPERS , 1997 .

[16]  The Math Works, Inc..  The Math Works Inc , 1991, International Conference on Advances in System Simulation.

[17]  Alex H. Barbat,et al.  Active Control of Nonlinear Base-Isolated Buildings , 1995 .

[18]  H. Kaufman,et al.  Simple adaptive control of large flexible space structures , 1993 .

[19]  Billie F. Spencer,et al.  Intelligent Base Isolation Systems , 1998 .

[20]  R. S. Jangid,et al.  Variable dampers for earthquake protection of benchmark highway bridges , 2009 .

[21]  Mark J. Balas,et al.  Robust Adaptive Control In Hilbert Space , 1989 .

[22]  Kenneth J. Hunt,et al.  Neural Adaptive Control Technology , 1996 .

[23]  Fabio Mazza,et al.  Nonlinear Response of RC Framed Buildings with Isolation and Supplemental Damping at the Base Subjected to Near-Fault Earthquakes , 2009 .

[24]  Satish Nagarajaiah,et al.  Seismic control of smart base isolated buildings with new semiactive variable damper , 2007 .

[25]  Stefan Hurlebaus,et al.  Optimal design of superelastic‐friction base isolators for seismic protection of highway bridges against near‐field earthquakes , 2011 .

[26]  José A. Inaudi,et al.  Modulated homogeneous friction : A semi-active damping strategy , 1997 .

[27]  Stefan Hurlebaus,et al.  Enhanced damping of lightweight structures by semi-active joints , 2008 .

[28]  Henri P. Gavin,et al.  A parametric study of linear and non-linear passively damped seismic isolation systems for buildings , 2004 .

[29]  Takayoshi Kamada,et al.  Development and application of induced-strain actuators for building structures , 2001, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[30]  Satish Nagarajaiah,et al.  Smart base isolated buildings with variable friction systems: H∞ controller and SAIVF device , 2006 .

[31]  Michael D. Symans,et al.  Fuzzy logic control of bridge structures using intelligent semi‐active seismic isolation systems , 1999 .

[32]  Stefan Hurlebaus,et al.  Adaptive Control to Mitigate Damage Impact on Structural Response , 2010 .

[33]  Satish Nagarajaiah,et al.  Experimental study of sliding base-isolated buildings with magnetorheological dampers in near-fault earthquakes , 2005 .

[34]  R. S. Jangid,et al.  Base isolation for near‐fault motions , 2001 .

[35]  Henri P. Gavin,et al.  FAULT TOLERANCE OF SEMIACTIVE SEISMIC ISOLATION , 2003 .

[36]  Yl L. Xu,et al.  Integrated vibration control and health monitoring of building structures using semi-active friction dampers: Part I—methodology , 2008 .

[37]  Hyung-Jo Jung,et al.  Semi‐active fuzzy control for seismic response reduction using magnetorheological dampers , 2004 .

[38]  Ging Long Lin,et al.  A Theoretical Study on Piezoelectric Smart Isolation System for Seismic Protection of Equipment in Near-fault Areas , 2009 .

[39]  Murat Dicleli,et al.  Supplemental elastic stiffness to reduce isolator displacements for seismic-isolated bridges in near-fault zones , 2007 .

[40]  Haluk Aktan,et al.  Active control of building seismic response by energy dissipation , 1995 .

[41]  Lyan-Ywan Lu,et al.  Predictive control of seismic structures with semi‐active friction dampers , 2004 .

[42]  Imad H. Mualla,et al.  Performance of steel frames with a new friction damper device under earthquake excitation , 2002 .

[43]  D. Wald,et al.  Response of High-Rise and Base-Isolated Buildings to a Hypothetical Mw 7.0 Blind Thrust Earthquake , 1995, Science.

[44]  H. Kaufman,et al.  Implicit Adaptive Control for a Class of MIMO Systems , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[45]  Genda Chen,et al.  Shake table tests of a quarter‐scale three‐storey building model with piezoelectric friction dampers , 2004 .

[46]  Yl L. Xu,et al.  Semi-active control of a building complex with variable friction dampers , 2007 .

[47]  John F. Hall,et al.  The role of damping in seismic isolation , 1999 .

[48]  L. Darrell Whitley,et al.  Genetic algorithms and neural networks: optimizing connections and connectivity , 1990, Parallel Comput..

[49]  Chin-Hsiung Loh,et al.  Neuro-fuzzy model of hybrid semi-active base isolation system with FPS bearings and an MR damper , 2006 .

[50]  H. Kitano.  Neurogenetic learning: an integrated method of designing and training neural networks using genetic algorithms , 1994 .