Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and Its Application in Optical Communication Systems

The key question of current optical communications research is: how to maximize both capacity and transmission distance in future optical transmission networks by using spectrally-efficient modulation formats with coherent detection, and how can digital signal processing aid in this quest? There is a clear trade-off between spectral efficiency and transmission distance, since the more spectrally-efficient modulation formats are also more susceptible to optical fiber nonlinearities. This chapter illustrates the application of nonlinear backpropagation to mitigate for both linear and nonlinear transmission impairments for a range of modulation formats, at varying symbol-rates and wavelength spacings, and also by varying the signal bandwidth which is backpropagated. The basics of coherent receiver structure and DSP algorithms for chromatic dispersion compensation, equalization and phase recovery of PDM-BPSK, PS-QPSK, PDM-QPSK, PDM-8PSK, PDM-8QAM, and PDM-16QAM are reviewed and the effectiveness of the nonlinearity compensating DSP based on digital backpropagation is explored. This chapter includes a comprehensive literature review of the key experimental demonstrations of nonlinearity-compensating DSP.

[1]  R I Killey,et al.  Mitigation of Fiber Nonlinearity Using a Digital Coherent Receiver , 2010, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[2]  Kuang-Tsan Wu,et al.  Real-time measurements of a 40 Gb/s coherent system. , 2008, Optics express.

[3]  P. Bayvel,et al.  Long-haul WDM transmission of PDM-8PSK and PDM-8QAM with nonlinear DSP , 2012, OFC/NFOEC.

[4]  Andrew J. Viterbi,et al.  Nonlinear estimation of PSK-modulated carrier phase with application to burst digital transmission , 1983, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[5]  P. Poggiolini,et al.  IMDD Transmission over 1,040 km of Standard Single-Mode Fiber at 10Gbit/s using a One-Sample-per-Bit Reduced-Complexity MLSE Receiver , 2007, OFC/NFOEC 2007 - 2007 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[6]  K. Kikuchi.  Electronic post-compensation for nonlinear phase fluctuations in a 1000-km 20-Gbit/s optical quadrature phase-shift keying transmission system using the digital coherent receiver. , 2008, Optics express.

[7]  A.H. Gnauck,et al.  Performance of MLSE Receiver in a Dispersion-Managed Multispan Experiment at 10.7 Gb/s Under Nonlinear Transmission , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[8]  S. Chandrasekhar,et al.  7 × 224-Gb/s WDM transmission of reduced-guard-interval CO-OFDM with 16-QAM subcarrier modulation on a 50-GHz grid over 2000 km of ULAF and five ROADM passes , 2010, 36th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication.

[9]  Peter J. Winzer,et al.  2 – Advanced optical modulation formats , 2008 .

[10]  Leonid G. Kazovsky,et al.  Cross-phase modulation in fiber links with multiple optical amplifiers and dispersion compensators , 1996 .

[11]  S. Bigo,et al.  From 2,100 km to 2,700 km distance using phase-shaped binary transmission at 6.3 Tbit/s capacity , 2003, OFC 2003 Optical Fiber Communications Conference, 2003..

[12]  S. Bigo,et al.  72×100Gb/s transmission over transoceanic distance, using large effective area fiber, hybrid Raman-Erbium amplification and coherent detection , 2009, 2009 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication - incudes post deadline papers.

[13]  S. Bigo,et al.  155×100Gbit/s coherent PDM-QPSK transmission over 7,200km , 2009, 2009 35th European Conference on Optical Communication.

[14]  S. Makovejs,et al.  Experimental comparison of nonlinear compensation in long-haul PDM-QPSK transmission at 42.7 and 85.4 Gb/s , 2009, 2009 35th European Conference on Optical Communication.

[15]  Maite Brandt-Pearce,et al.  Volterra series approach for optimizing fiber-optic communications system designs , 1998 .

[16]  Naoya Wada,et al.  Transmission of PM-QPSK and PS-QPSK with different fiber span lengths. , 2012, Optics express.

[17]  Yi Cai,et al.  Transmission of 96 $\,\times\,$100-Gb/s Bandwidth-Constrained PDM-RZ-QPSK Channels With 300% Spectral Efficiency Over 10610 km and 400% Spectral Efficiency Over 4370 km , 2011, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[18]  David S Millar,et al.  Blind adaptive equalization of polarization-switched QPSK modulation. , 2011, Optics express.

[19]  Takeshi Hoshida,et al.  Implementation efficient nonlinear equalizer based on correlated digital backpropagation , 2011, 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[20]  J. G. Proakis.  Adaptive equalization for TDMA digital mobile radio , 1991 .

[21]  D G Foursa,et al.  Experimental demonstration of coherent MAP detection for nonlinearity mitigation in long-haul transmissions , 2010, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[22]  Takashi Mizuochi,et al.  A study on statistical equalization of intra-channel fiber nonlinearity for digital coherent optical systems , 2011, 2011 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication.

[23]  Takeshi Hoshida,et al.  Experimental characterization of nonlinearity mitigation by digital back propagation and nonlinear polarization crosstalk canceller under high PMD condition , 2011, 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[24]  Irshaad Fatadin,et al.  Impact of phase to amplitude noise conversion in coherent optical systems with digital dispersion compensation. , 2010, Optics express.

[25]  Roland Ryf,et al.  228-GHz Coherent Receiver using Digital Optical Bandwidth Interleaving and Reception of 214-GBd (856-Gb/s) PDM-QPSK , 2012 .

[26]  P Serena,et al.  PDM-iRZ-QPSK vs. PS-QPSK at 100 Gbit/s over dispersion-managed links. , 2012, Optics express.

[27]  T. Tanimura,et al.  112 Gb/s DP-QPSK transmission using a novel nonlinear compensator in digital coherent receiver , 2009, 2009 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication - incudes post deadline papers.

[28]  S. Savory,et al.  Electronic compensation of chromatic dispersion using a digital coherent receiver. , 2007, Optics express.

[29]  D. Godard,et al.  Self-Recovering Equalization and Carrier Tracking in Two-Dimensional Data Communication Systems , 1980, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[30]  D. S. Millar,et al.  Digital signal processing for coherent optical fibre communications , 2011 .

[31]  Robert Boorstyn,et al.  Single tone parameter estimation from discrete-time observations , 1974, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[32]  Ting Wang,et al.  32Tb/s (320×114Gb/s) PDM-RZ-8QAM transmission over 580km of SMF-28 ultra-low-loss fiber , 2009, 2009 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication - incudes post deadline papers.

[33]  Curtis R. Menyuk,et al.  Application of multiple-length-scale methods to the study of optical fiber transmission , 1999 .

[34]  Carsten Behrens.  Mitigation of nonlinear impairments for advanced optical modulation formats , 2012 .

[35]  Pierluigi Poggiolini,et al.  Impact of Interchannel Nonlinearities on a Split-Step Intrachannel Nonlinear Equalizer , 2010, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[36]  Koichi Ishihara,et al.  Multi-staged nonlinear compensation in coherent receiver for 12 015 km WDM transmission of 10-ch x 111 Gbit/s no-guard-interval co-OFDM , 2009 .

[37]  Fernando P. Guiomar,et al.  Mitigation of intra-channel nonlinearities using a frequency-domain volterra series equalizer , 2011, 2011 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication.

[38]  T. Kawanishi,et al.  Single side-band modulation performance of a LiNbO3 integrated modulator consisting of four-phase modulator waveguides , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[39]  Takeshi Hoshida,et al.  Systematic analysis on multi-segment dual-polarisation nonlinear compensation in 112 Gb/s DP-QPSK coherent receiver , 2009, 2009 35th European Conference on Optical Communication.

[40]  Silvello Betti,et al.  Coherent Optical Communications Systems , 1995 .

[41]  B. Lankl,et al.  Optimal Symbol Rate for Optical Transmission Systems with Coherent Receivers , 2010 .

[42]  E. Torrengo,et al.  Comparison of pulse shapes in a 224Gbit/s (28Gbaud) PDM-QAM16 long-haul transmission experiment , 2011, 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[43]  Danish Rafique,et al.  The impact of signal-ASE four-wave mixing in coherent transmission systems , 2011, 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[44]  M. Karlsson,et al.  Power-Efficient Modulation Formats in Coherent Transmission Systems , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[45]  Fatih Yaman,et al.  Nonlinear Impairment Compensation for Polarization-Division Multiplexed WDM Transmission Using Digital Backward Propagation , 2009 .

[46]  Keang-Po Ho,et al.  Electronic compensation technique to mitigate nonlinear phase noise , 2004, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[47]  Ting Wang,et al.  64-Tb/s (640×107-Gb/s) PDM-36QAM transmission over 320km using both pre- and post-transmission digital equalization , 2010, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[48]  P. Bayvel,et al.  Benefits of digital backpropagation in coherent QPSK and 16QAM fibre links , 2010, Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition.

[49]  Jian Zhao,et al.  Performance improvement using a novel MAP detector in coherent WDM systems , 2008, 2008 34th European Conference on Optical Communication.

[50]  S. Makovejs,et al.  High-speed optical fibre transmission using advanced modulation formats , 2011 .

[51]  P. Bayvel,et al.  Ultra Long-Haul QPSK Transmission using a Digital Coherent Receiver , 2007, 2007 Digest of the IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meetings.

[52]  J. Kahn,et al.  Compensation of Dispersion and Nonlinear Impairments Using Digital Backpropagation , 2008, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[53]  D. Rafique,et al.  Digital back-propagation for spectrally efficient WDM 112 Gbit/s PM m-ary QAM transmission. , 2011, Optics express.

[54]  J. Kahn,et al.  Carrier synchronization for 3- and 4-bit-per-symbol optical transmission , 2005, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[55]  Danish Rafique,et al.  Nonlinear penalties in long-haul optical networks employing dynamic transponders. , 2011, Optics express.

[56]  S. Bigo,et al.  WDM 200Gb/s single-carrier PDM-QPSK transmission over 12,000km , 2011, 2011 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication.

[57]  E. Yamazaki,et al.  Mitigation of nonlinearities in optical transmission systems , 2011, 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[58]  Xiang Liu,et al.  Postnonlinearity compensation with data-driven phase modulators in phase-shift keying transmission. , 2002, Optics letters.

[59]  S. Savory,et al.  Blind Equalization and Carrier Phase Recovery in a 16-QAM Optical Coherent System , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[60]  Takeshi Hoshida,et al.  Low complexity digital perturbation back-propagation , 2011, 2011 37th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication.

[61]  Jr. G. Forney,et al.  The viterbi algorithm , 1973 .

[62]  Seb J Savory,et al.  Digital filters for coherent optical receivers. , 2008, Optics express.

[63]  P. Poggiolini,et al.  Statistical characterization of PM-QPSK signals after propagation in uncompensated fiber links , 2010, 36th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication.

[64]  N. Wada,et al.  19-core fiber transmission of 19×100×172-Gb/s SDM-WDM-PDM-QPSK signals at 305Tb/s , 2012, OFC/NFOEC.

[65]  Peter J. Winzer,et al.  Advanced Optical Modulation Formats , 2006, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[66]  Ting Wang,et al.  17 Tb/s (161×114 Gb/s) PolMux-RZ-8PSK transmission over 662 km of ultra-low loss fiber using C-band EDFA amplification and digital coherent detection , 2008, 2008 34th European Conference on Optical Communication.

[67]  P. Bayvel,et al.  Electronic dispersion compensation by signal predistortion using digital Processing and a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator , 2005, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[68]  E. Ip,et al.  Nonlinear Compensation Using Backpropagation for Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission , 2010, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[69]  M. O'Sullivan,et al.  Electronic precompensation of optical nonlinearity , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[70]  Liang Du,et al.  Efficient digital backpropagation for PDM-CO-OFDM optical transmission systems , 2010, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[71]  B. Zhu,et al.  448-Gb/s Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM Transmission Over 2000 km of Ultra-Large-Area Fiber and Five 80-GHz-Grid ROADMs , 2011, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[72]  Fan Zhang,et al.  Intra-channel nonlinearities mitigation in pseudo-linear coherent QPSK transmission systems via nonlinear electrical equalizer , 2009 .

[73]  Polina Bayvel,et al.  10.7 Gb/s electronic predistortion transmitter using commercial FPGAs and D/A converters implementing real-time DSP for chromatic dispersion and SPM compensation. , 2009, Optics express.

[74]  Arthur James Lowery,et al.  Improved single channel backpropagation for intra-channel fiber nonlinearity compensation in long-haul optical communication systems. , 2010, Optics express.

[75]  S. Savory,et al.  Pulse-shaping versus digital backpropagation in 224Gbit/s PDM-16QAM transmission. , 2011, Optics express.

[76]  Guifang Li,et al.  Experimental Demonstration of Fiber Impairment Compensation Using the Split-Step Finite-Impulse-Response Filtering Method , 2008, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[77]  G. David Forney,et al.  Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference , 1972, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[78]  Govind P. Agrawal,et al.  Nonlinear Fiber Optics , 1989 .

[79]  Pierluigi Poggiolini.  Analytical modeling of non-linear propagation in coherent systems , 2012, 2012 38th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communications.

[80]  David V. Plant,et al.  Volterra filtering for nonlinearity impairment mitigation in DP-16QAM and DP-QPSK fiber optic communication systems , 2011, 2011 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[81]  Polina Bayvel,et al.  Nonlinear Distortion in Transmission of Higher Order Modulation Formats , 2010, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[82]  Keang-Po Ho,et al.  Phase-Modulated Optical Communication Systems , 2005 .

[83]  K. Petermann,et al.  Electronic precompensation of intrachannel nonlinearities at 40 gb/s , 2006, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[84]  D. Lavery,et al.  Long-Haul Transmission of PS-QPSK at 100 Gb/s Using Digital Backpropagation , 2012, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[85]  B. Zhu,et al.  10 × 224-Gb/s WDM transmission of 28-Gbaud PDM 16-QAM on a 50-GHz grid over 1,200 km of fiber , 2010, 2010 Conference on Optical Fiber Communication (OFC/NFOEC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference.

[86]  Jianjun Yu,et al.  20×112Gbit/s, 50GHz spaced, PolMux-RZ-QPSK straight-line transmission over 1540km of SSMF employing digital coherent detection and pure EDFA amplification , 2008, 2008 34th European Conference on Optical Communication.