Environmental, legal, health, and safety issues of green nanomaterials

Abstract Recent developments in nanotechnology have led to the production of a number of nanomaterials based on metal, polymer, carbon, and their analog nanocomposites. Nanotechnology has gained great public attention because of the application of nanomaterials in activities including industry, agriculture, business, medicine, and public health. Environmental exposure to nanomaterials is inevitable as nanomaterials have become part of our daily life, and as a result, nanotoxicity research is gaining attention. Many of the materials and processes currently used are not only dependent on nonrenewable resources but also create hazardous wastes. The combination of green chemistry principles with nanotechnology applications has thus become a key component for the future of nanotechnology. The use of natural ingredients to synthesize nanomaterials and design environmentally benign synthetic processes has been extensively explored. Green nanomaterials are those that are either synthesized via a green route following green chemistry principles or are biocompatible with lower toxicity. Green nanomaterials are being employed in environmental remediation for organic and inorganic pollutants. Legislation addressing the environmental, health, and safety aspects of nanomaterials in consumer products and ensuring their safe use is being continuously updated in the European Union (EU) and globally. Despite the extensive application of nanomaterials, their health and safety effects and what levels of exposure to them may be acceptable are not yet fully understood. This chapter presents a summary of recent research on environmental, legal, health, and safety issues of green nanomaterials. A critical evaluation of challenges and future needs for ensuring environmentally safe nanotechnology have also been discussed.

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