Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Waste Treatment Processes for Energy Generation

Abstract The global population and consumption are directly linked to the generation of waste. Owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization, waste generation is increasing day by day, and hence, it is necessary to use resources optimally. Also, it is equally important to reduce the detrimental effects of waste, such as land encroachment and social and environmental constraints through appropriate waste management options. To meet the need of the present population and to build up a resource-enriched planet for the future, there is a strong need for the use of alternative resources in a low-carbon energy system. There is also a need for novel techniques and technologies that can improve the efficiency of the energy sector. Valorization of waste is one of the ways to promote an alternative energy source. There are various waste management technologies that can turn the waste into a value-added product. Tools such as biotechnology and bioengineering can be applied to the waste stream to bring the hidden potential of waste to the forefront. Other value-added products like chemicals, bioproducts, etc., can also be achieved from feedstock waste or organic waste using the application of biotechnology and bioengineering. This chapter deals with the tactical vision, opportunities, potential, and role of biotechnology and bioengineering in the waste management sector. The available sophisticated technologies of waste to energy (WTE) are helpful in generating cost-effective energy and can boost the viable energy sector. This chapter also provides a brief preview of the existing waste-conversion technologies, factors affecting the bioconversion technologies, challenges related to commercialization, and global policies to promote WTE.