In search of anatomic truth: 3-dimensional digital modeling and the future of orthodontics.

The goal of imaging in medicine and dentistry has been to display a patient’s anatomic truth. Until now, imaging technology has been largely confined to 2 dimensions. Some 3-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have been developed, but they are limited by the amount of information they can display and by their static nature. The development of an interactive 3D digital model of a patient’s anatomy would greatly improve our ability to determine different treatment options, to monitor changes over time (the fourth dimension), to predict and display final treatment results, and to measure treatment outcomes more accurately.

[1]  Lawrence M. Fagan,et al.  Medical informatics: computer applications in health care and biomedicine (Health informatics) , 2003 .

[2]  H. Bülthoff,et al.  Separate neural pathways for the visual analysis of object shape in perception and prehension , 1994, Current Biology.

[3]  L D Silverstein,et al.  Spatial Judgments with Monoscopic and Stereoscopic Presentation of Perspective Displays , 1992, Human factors.

[4]  A Trosien,et al.  Craniofacial imaging in orthodontics: historical perspective, current status, and future developments. , 1999, The Angle orthodontist.

[5]  A. V. van den Berg,et al.  Why two eyes are better than one for judgements of heading , 1994, Nature.

[6]  P. O. Bishop,et al.  Size constancy, depth constancy and vertical disparities: a further quantitative interpretation , 1994, Biological Cybernetics.

[7]  Melvyn A. Goodale,et al.  The role of binocular vision in prehension: a kinematic analysis , 1992, Vision Research.

[8]  G. Langenbach,et al.  The role of passive muscle tensions in a three-dimensional dynamic model of the human jaw. , 1999, Archives of oral biology.

[9]  Tribhawan Kumar,et al.  Shape analysis and stereopsis for human depth perception , 1992, Vision Research.

[10]  F H Moffitt,et al.  The geometry of three-dimensional measurement from paired coplanar x-ray images. , 1983, American journal of orthodontics.

[11]  J. P. Mossa,et al.  2D or not 2D? That is the question. , 2000, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[12]  F L Bookstein,et al.  The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. , 1988, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[13]  Yvonne Carts-Powell Lab studies human, machine, and computer touch , 1999 .

[14]  Charles McNeill,et al.  Science and practice of occlusion , 1997 .

[15]  M. Goodale,et al.  Binocular vision and the on-line control of human prehension , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[16]  A. D. Linney,et al.  The use of three-dimensional techniquesin facial esthetics , 1995 .

[17]  F H Moffitt,et al.  Three-dimensional x-ray stereometry from paired coplanar images: a progress report. , 1983, American journal of orthodontics.

[18]  Lenny Lipton,et al.  Foundations of the stereoscopic cinema : a study in depth , 1984 .