Probing Small‐Molecule Binding to Cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C9: An In Silico Protocol for Generating Toxicity Alerts

Drug metabolism, toxicity, and their interaction profiles are major issues in the drug‐discovery and lead‐optimization processes. The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 2D6 and 2C9 are enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of a majority of marketed drugs. Therefore, the prediction of the binding affinity towards CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 would be beneficial for identifying cytochrome‐mediated adverse effects triggered by drugs or chemicals (e.g., toxic reactions, drug–drug, and food–drug interactions). By identifying the binding mode by using pharmacophore prealignment, automated flexible docking, and by quantifying the binding affinity by multidimensional QSAR (mQSAR), we validated a model family of 56 compounds (46 training, 10 test) and 85 compounds (68 training, 17 test) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C9, respectively. The correlation with the experimental data (cross‐validated r2=0.811 for CYP2D6 and 0.687 for CYP2C9) suggests that our approach is suited for predicting the binding affinity of compounds towards CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. The models were challenged by Y‐scrambling and by testing an external dataset of binding compounds (15 compounds for CYP2D6 and 40 for CYP2C9). To assess the probability of false‐positive predictions, datasets of nonbinders (64 compounds for CYP2D6 and 56 for CYP2C9) were tested by using the same protocol. The two validated mQSAR models were subsequently added to the VirtualToxLab (VTL, http://www.virtualtoxlab.org).