Chapter 10 – Property Integration

A common feature of the previously covered mass-integration techniques is that they are “chemocentric”; namely they are based on tracking individual chemical species. Nonetheless, many material reuse problems are driven and governed by properties or functionalities of the streams and not by their chemical constituency. The following are some examples of property-based problems: • The usage of material utilities (e.g., solvents) relies on their characteristics such as equilibrium distribution coefficients, viscosity, and volatility without the need to chemically characterize these materials. • Constraints on process units that can accept recycled/reused process streams and wastes are not limited to compositions of components but are also based on the properties of the feeds to processing units. • The performance of process units depends on properties. For instance, a heat exchanger performs based on the heat capacities and heat-transfer coefficients of the matched streams. The chemical identity of the components is only useful to the extent of determining the values of heat capacities and heat-transfer coefficients. Similar examples can be given for many other units (e.g., vapor pressure in condensers, specific gravity in decantation, relative volatility in distillation, Henry's coefficient in absorption, density and head in pumps, density, pressure ratio, and heat-capacity ratio in compressors, etc.). • Quantities of emissions are dependent on properties of the pollutants (e.g., volatility, solubility, etc.). • The environmental regulations involve limits on properties (e.g., pH, color, toxicity, TOC, biological oxygen demand (BOD), ozone-depleting ability). • Tracking numerous chemical pollutants is prohibitively difficult (e.g., complex hydrocarbons and lignocellulosic materials) while tracking properties is manageable. Therefore, it is important to have a systematic design methodology that is based on properties and functionalities. In response, the paradigm of property integration has been introduced by El-Halwagi and coworkers. Property integration is a functionality-based, holistic approach to the allocation and manipulation of streams and processing units, which is based on the tracking, adjustment, assignment, and matching of functionalities throughout the process. In this chapter, we focus on the problem of identifying rigorous targets for direct reuse in property-based applications through visualization techniques. The chapter also discusses the identification of interception tasks. First, the problem of direct recycle with a single-property constraint is addressed through a material-recycle pinch diagram similar to the one presented in Chapter 4, Direct-Recycle Networks: Graphical and Algebraic Targeting Approaches. Then, we deal with the problem of multiple properties.

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