Review: Polyaniline-A novel polymeric material.

Polyaniline synthesis by chemical and electrochemical methods is reviewed. The considerable progress which has been made in characterizing and understanding the properties of polyaniline derived from aniline is discussed. Finally, the progress towards technological applications is evaluated.

[1]  S. Armes,et al.  Optimum reaction conditions for the polymerization of aniline in aqueous solution by ammonium persulphate , 1988 .

[2]  E. Geniés,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour, chronocoulometric and kinetic study of the redox mechanism of polyaniline deposits , 1986 .

[3]  M. Wrighton,et al.  Characterization of a solid-state polyaniline-based transistor: water vapor dependent characteristics of a device employing a poly(vinyl alcohol)/phosphoric acid solid-state electrolyte , 1987 .

[4]  E. Vieil,et al.  Theoretical charge and conductivity ‘state - diagrams’ for polyaniline versus potential and pH , 1987 .

[5]  M. Inoue,et al.  New soluble polyaniline: Synthesis, electrical properties and solution electronic spectrum , 1989 .

[6]  G. Mengoli,et al.  Anodic formation of polynitroanilide films onto copper , 1981 .

[7]  J. Travers,et al.  Water effects in polyaniline: NMR and transport properties , 1987 .

[8]  A. F. Richter,et al.  Polyaniline: a new concept in conducting polymers , 1987 .

[9]  K. Hyodo,et al.  High ion selective electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline , 1988 .

[10]  S. Dong,et al.  Chromatic reaction of polyaniline film and its characterization , 1989 .

[11]  N. S. Sariciftci,et al.  Optical spectroscopy and resonance Raman scattering of polyaniline during electrochemical oxidation and reduction , 1987 .

[12]  W. Fosong,et al.  POLYMERIZATION OF SUBSTITUTED ANILINE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POLYMERS OBTAINED , 1986 .

[13]  D. M. Mohilner,et al.  Investigation of the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Anodic Oxidation of Aniline in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solution at a Platinum Electrode , 1962 .

[14]  D. Pletcher,et al.  Studies of Zn|ZnX2|polyaniline batteries. I. X.=Cl and Br , 1987 .

[15]  A. Contractor,et al.  Effect of the temperature of synthesis on the conductivity and electrochemical behaviour of polyaniline , 1988 .

[16]  J. Yano,et al.  “Polyaniline”: Formation reaction and structure , 1987 .

[17]  A. F. Richter,et al.  Insulator-to-metal transition in polyaniline: Effect of protonation in emeraldine , 1987 .

[18]  N. Oyama,et al.  IR absorption spectroscopic identification of electroactive and electroinactive polyaniline films prepared by the electrochemical polymerization of aniline , 1984 .

[19]  Fumio Goto,et al.  Electrochemical studies of polyaniline and its application , 1987 .

[20]  Hideo Tamura,et al.  Electrochemical reactions concerned with electrochromism of polyaniline film-coated electrodes , 1984 .

[21]  Y. Su,et al.  Electrochemical and resonance Raman spectroscopic characterization of polyaniline and polyaniline-metalloporphyrin electrode films , 1987 .

[22]  C. K. Chiang,et al.  Electrical Conductivity in Doped Polyacetylene. , 1977 .

[23]  A. F. Richter,et al.  Ring flips as a probe of the structure of polyanilines , 1989 .

[24]  Gary E. Wnek,et al.  Influence of oxidation state, pH, and counterion on the conductivity of polyaniline , 1987 .

[25]  H. Morimoto,et al.  The polyaniline/lithium battery , 1987 .

[26]  Su-Moon Park,et al.  Electrochemistry of conductive polymers. IV: Electrochemical studies on polyaniline degradation ― product identification and coulometric studies , 1988 .

[27]  Makoto Tsuji,et al.  Raman and infrared spectra of polyaniline , 1987 .

[28]  Antonio J. Ricco,et al.  Resistance of polyaniline films as a function of electrochemical potential and the fabrication of polyaniline-based microelectronic devices , 1985 .

[29]  Yong Cao,et al.  Spectroscopic and electrical characterization of some aniline oligomers and polyaniline , 1986 .

[30]  N. S. Sariciftci,et al.  In situ spectro-electrochemical studies of polyaniline , 1987 .

[31]  A. Heeger,et al.  Electrically-conductive fibers of polyaniline spun from solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid , 1988 .

[32]  C. S. Park,et al.  Thermopower and conductivity of metallic polyaniline , 1987 .

[33]  David W. DeBerry,et al.  Modification of the Electrochemical and Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels with an Electroactive Coating , 1985 .

[34]  J. Travers,et al.  Water effects in polyaniline: A new conduction process , 1987 .

[35]  Alan G. MacDiarmid,et al.  ‘Polyaniline’: Protonic acid doping of the emeraldine form to the metallic regime , 1986 .

[36]  A. Bard,et al.  Semiconductor Electrodes LIV . Effect of Redox Couple, Doping Level, and Metal Type on the Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Silicide‐Coated n‐Type Silicon Photoelectrodes , 1984 .

[37]  T. Kuwana,et al.  Electrodeposition of platinum microparticles into polyaniline films with electrocatalytic applications , 1988 .

[38]  K. Shinozaki,et al.  Electrochemical degradation of polyaniline , 1988 .

[39]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical studies of redox mechanisms in polyaniline films. Evidence of two polaron-bipolaron systems , 1987 .

[40]  A. Kitani,et al.  Performance Study of Aqueous Polyaniline Batteries , 1986 .

[41]  H. Yoneyama,et al.  Oxidative degradation pathway of polyaniline film electrodes , 1984 .

[42]  W. R. Salaneck,et al.  Pressure, temperature and field dependence of hopping conduction in polyaniline , 1987 .

[43]  K. Heckner,et al.  Elektrochemische untersuchungen der bildung und eigenschaften von polyanilinfilmen auf platin- und kohleelektroden , 1973 .

[44]  A. Nozik,et al.  Enhanced Stability of Photoelectrodes with Electrogenerated Polyaniline Films , 1982 .

[45]  A. F. Richter,et al.  Solid-state carbon-13 NMR characterization of polyanilines , 1988 .

[46]  D. Parker,et al.  The influence of applied potential on the surface composition of electrochemically synthesized polyanilines , 1988 .

[47]  E. Geniés,et al.  Redox mechanism and electrochemical behaviour or polyaniline deposits , 1985 .

[48]  K. Heckner,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Kinetik der anodischen Oxidation von Anilin in Azetonitril und Wasser an der rotierenden Scheiben-Ringelektrode , 1971 .

[49]  A. MacDiarmid,et al.  Electrochemical Characteristics of “Polyaniline” Cathodes and Anodes in Aqueous Electrolytes , 1985 .

[50]  Stuart I. Yaniger,et al.  “Polyaniline”: Interconversion of Metallic and Insulating Forms , 1985 .

[51]  J. Travers,et al.  Transport and Magnetic Resonance Studies of Polyaniline , 1985 .

[52]  M. Musiani,et al.  Anodic synthesis of polyaniline coatings onto fe sheets , 1981 .

[53]  M. Musiani,et al.  Improved polyaniline coatings by in situ Electropolymerization , 1984 .

[54]  R. Adams,et al.  Anodic oxidations of aromatic amines. III. Substituted anilines in aqueous media , 1968 .

[55]  T. Bein,et al.  Inclusion of polyaniline filaments in zeolite molecular sieves , 1989 .

[56]  W. R. Salaneck,et al.  A 13C CP-MAS NMR investigation of polyaniline , 1985 .

[57]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical study of polyaniline versus potential in the equilibrium state , 1987 .

[58]  R. Murray,et al.  Kinetics of electron transfer reactions of metal complexes at impermeable redox active polymeric films on electrode surfaces and charge transport within the polymer film , 1982 .

[59]  H. Letheby XXIX.—On the production of a blue substance by the electrolysis of sulphate of aniline , 1862 .

[60]  Jinsong Tang,et al.  Infrared spectra of soluble polyaniline , 1988 .

[61]  R. Baughman,et al.  Structure and properties of polyaniline as modeled by single‐crystal oligomers , 1988 .

[62]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical evidence for an intermediate in the electropolymerization of aniline , 1987 .

[63]  W. R. Salaneck,et al.  A two-dimensional-surface ‘state diagram’ for polyaniline , 1986 .

[64]  Stephen W. Feldberg,et al.  On the Mechanism of Electrochemical Switching in Films of Polyaniline , 1987 .

[65]  Sariciftci,et al.  Evidence for two separate doping mechanisms in the polyaniline system. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[66]  R. Lazzaroni,et al.  Electronic structure and properties of dimethyl-aniline polymers , 1987 .

[67]  A. Heeger,et al.  Poly-p-phenyleneamineimine: synthesis and comparison to polyaniline , 1987 .

[68]  P. Lacaze,et al.  Electrochemical polymerization of aromatic amines , 1980 .

[69]  A. Syed,et al.  Electrochemical Study Of Polyaniline In Aqueous And Organic Medium. Redox And Kinetic Properties. , 1985 .

[70]  W. R. Salaneck,et al.  Electronic structure of some polyanilines , 1987 .

[71]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Polyanilines from electropolymerization of azobenzene , 1989 .

[72]  I. Harada,et al.  Vibrational spectra of polyaniline and its 15N- and 2H-substituted derivatives in as-polymerized, alkali-treated and reduced states , 1986 .

[73]  T. Hirai,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour of polyaniline in weak acid solutions , 1989 .

[74]  G. Stevens,et al.  Electronic energy levels of polyaniline , 1987 .

[75]  D. Pletcher,et al.  Studies of Zn|ZnX2|polyaniline batteries. II. X=I , 1987 .

[76]  A. F. Richter,et al.  Insulator-to-metal transition in polyaniline , 1987 .

[77]  R. Lazzaroni,et al.  Electronic structure of polyaniline and substituted derivatives , 1987 .

[78]  H. Weakliem,et al.  Polyaniline thin film electrochromic devices , 1988 .

[79]  A. Heeger,et al.  Phenyl-capped octaaniline (COA): an excellent model for polyaniline , 1986 .

[80]  Baochen Wang,et al.  Electrochemical Polymerization of Aniline , 1987 .

[81]  L. Yu,et al.  Electrochemical chains using protolytic organic semiconductors , 1968 .

[82]  R. Nelson,et al.  The Anodic Decomposition Pathways of Ortho‐ and Meta‐substituted Anilines , 1978 .

[83]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Cyclic voltammetry of polyaniline: interpretation of the middle peak , 1988 .

[84]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Electropolymerisation reaction mechanism of para-aminodiphenylamine , 1989 .

[85]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Polyaniline, spectroelectrochemistry, display and battery , 1987 .

[86]  R. Greene,et al.  Superconductivity in Polysulfur Nitride ( SN ) X , 1975 .

[87]  D. C. Trivedi,et al.  Preparation of conductive polyaniline solutions for electronic applications , 1989 .

[88]  Yuan Lu,et al.  Morphological investigation of polyaniline , 1989 .

[89]  Y. H. Kim,et al.  Photoinduced localized charged excitations in polyaniline , 1988 .

[90]  H. Reiss Theoretical analysis of protonic acid doping of the emeraldine form of polyaniline , 1988 .

[91]  Anjan Ray,et al.  Polyaniline: Processability from aqueous solutions and effect of water vapor on conductivity , 1987 .

[92]  N. Mermilliod,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of chemically synthesized polyanilines , 1987 .

[93]  A. Monkman,et al.  Spectroscopic studies of polyaniline , 1987 .

[94]  E. Geniés,et al.  Polyanilines with covalently bonded alkyl sulfonates as doping agent. Synthesis and properties , 1989 .

[95]  K. Heckner,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Kinetik der anodischen Oxydation von Anilin in Azetonitril an der rotierenden Platinelektrode , 1971 .

[96]  Hideo Tamura,et al.  Polyaniline film-coated electrodes as electrochromic display devices , 1984 .

[97]  M. Lapkowski,et al.  Electrochemical in situ epr evidence of two polaron-bipolaron states in polyaniline , 1987 .

[98]  T. Osaka,et al.  Electroactive Polyaniline Deposit from a Nonaqueous Solution , 1988 .

[99]  R. K. Pandey,et al.  Semiconductor Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells , 1982, August 16.

[100]  Alan G. MacDiarmid,et al.  Polyaniline: Electrochemistry and application to rechargeable batteries , 1987 .

[101]  G. Wnek,et al.  Conduction mechanisms in polyaniline (emeraldine salt) , 1988 .

[102]  N. Mermilliod,et al.  A Study of Chemically Synthesized Polypyrrole as Electrode Material for Battery Applications , 1986 .

[103]  Jinsong Tang,et al.  The effect of anions of supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical polymerization of aniline and the properties of polyaniline , 1986 .

[104]  T. Yasui ELECTROLYTIC OXIDATION OF ANILINE OIL , 1935 .

[105]  A. F. Richter,et al.  Insulator-to-metal transition in polyaniline , 1987 .

[106]  A. Syed,et al.  Polyaniline: Reaction stoichiometry and use as an ion-exchange polymer and acid/base indicator , 1990 .

[107]  J. A. Logan,et al.  Electroactive polyaniline films , 1980 .

[108]  A. Pron,et al.  The effect of the oxidation conditions on the chemical polymerization of polyaniline , 1988 .

[109]  J. Yano,et al.  Basic Behaviors and Properties of the Electrodeposited Polyaniline , 1984 .

[110]  Ingvar C. Lagerstedt,et al.  Polyaniline; model studies , 1987 .