Video primacy—A further look

This paper reviews the literature on the complex question of the relative importance of the verbal, visual and vocal channels in various types of judgments. It is noted that a wide variety of methodologies are used in such research with studies differing in terms of the type of stimuli used (varying on the dimension of stylised to naturally occurring), the task required of the subjects (particularly varying on the cognitive-affective dimension) and the method used to assess the relative importance of the channels. An attempt is made to assess the important variables which affect the way the various channels are used by decoders, including whether deception is involved or expected, whether the message is discrepant, the particular judgment being made and the dimension on which the stimulus varies, the sex of the encoder and the decoder and the relationship between them, and the age of the decoder. The possibility of other related variables also acting as moderators is discussed.

[1]  D. Solomon,et al.  Effects of Content and Intonation on Perceptions of Verbal Reinforcers , 1969, Perceptual and motor skills.

[2]  R. Krauss,et al.  Verbal, vocal, and visible factors in judgments of another's affect. , 1981 .

[3]  G. Littlepage,et al.  Verbal, Facial, and Paralinguistic Cues to the Detection of Truth and Lying , 1978 .

[4]  James A. Thurber,et al.  ACCURACY OF JUDGMENTS OF DECEPTION WHEN AN INTERVIEW IS WATCHED, HEARD, AND READ , 1968 .

[5]  Michael Argyle,et al.  The communication of friendly and hostile attitudes by verbal and non‐verbal signals , 1971 .

[6]  A. Mehrabian,et al.  Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. , 1967, Journal of consulting psychology.

[7]  V. B. Cline,et al.  Assessing the Validity of Verbal and Nonverbal Cues in Accurately Judging Others , 1972 .

[8]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Age Changes in Deceiving and Detecting Deceit , 1982 .

[9]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Diagnosing deceptive and mixed messages from verbal and nonverbal cues , 1982 .

[10]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Sex differences in eavesdropping on nonverbal cues. , 1979 .

[11]  P. Ekman,et al.  Relative importance of face, body, and speech in judgments of personality and affect. , 1980 .

[12]  Robert E. Kraut,et al.  Verbal and nonverbal cues in the perception of lying. , 1978 .

[13]  R. Rosenthal.  Sensitivity to Nonverbal Communication: The PONS Test , 1979 .

[14]  M. Argyle,et al.  Gaze and Mutual Gaze , 1994, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[15]  Malcolm Kahn,et al.  Non-Verbal Communication and Marital Satisfaction , 1970 .

[16]  S. J. Marwit,et al.  Comparison of multidimensional decoding of affect from audio, video and audiovideo recordings. , 1976, Sociometry.

[17]  P. Ekman.  Differential communication of affect by head and body cues. , 1965, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[18]  P. Ekman,et al.  Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception †. , 1969, Psychiatry.

[19]  A. Furnham,et al.  The relative contribution of verbal, vocal, and visual channels to person perception: Experiment and critique , 1981 .

[20]  C. Osgood,et al.  The Measurement of Meaning , 1958 .

[21]  R. Rosenthal,et al.  Developing Strategies for Decoding “Leaky” Messages: On Learning How and When to Decode Discrepant and Consistent Social Communications , 1982 .

[22]  SENSITIVITY TO ATTEMPTS AT DECEPTION IN AN INTERVIEW SITUATION1, 2 , 1966 .

[23]  H. Friedman.  The interactive effects of facial expressions of emotion and verbal messages on perceptions of affective meaning , 1979 .

[24]  R. Rosenthal,et al.  Nonverbal strategies for decoding deception , 1982 .

[25]  N. Henley,et al.  Gender and Nonverbal Behavior , 1981 .

[26]  F. Volkmar,et al.  Responses to Consistent and Discrepant Social Communications , 1982 .

[27]  J. Kaswan,et al.  Child Versus Adult Perception of Evaluative Messages in Verbal, Vocal, and Visual Channels. , 1970 .

[28]  P. Noller.  Gaze in married couples , 1980 .

[29]  P. Ekman,et al.  Detecting deception from the body or face. , 1974 .

[30]  D. E. Bugental.  Interpretations of naturally occurring discrepancies between words and intonation: Modes of inconsistency resolution. , 1974 .

[31]  Dane Archer,et al.  Words and everything else: Verbal and nonverbal cues in social interpretation. , 1977 .

[32]  H. Friedman.  The Relative Strength of Verbal versus Nonverbal Cues , 1978 .

[33]  R. Exline,et al.  VISUAL BEHAVIOR IN A DYAD AS AFFECTED BY INTERVIEW CONTENT AND SEX OF RESPONDENT. , 1965, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[34]  M. Argyle,et al.  The Communication of Inferior and Superior Attitudes by Verbal and Non‐verbal Signals* , 1970 .

[35]  A. Mehrabian,et al.  Decoding of inconsistent communications. , 1967, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[36]  K. Burns,et al.  Significance of vocal and visual channels in the decoding of emotional meaning. , 1973, The Journal of communication.

[37]  P. Noller.  Misunderstandings in marital communication: A study of couples' nonverbal communication. , 1980 .

[38]  G. Daniel Lassiter,et al.  Attentional Determinants of Success at Detecting Deception and Truth , 1982 .

[39]  B. Depaulo,et al.  Decoding discrepant nonverbal cues. , 1978 .

[40]  J. Kaswan,et al.  Perception of contradictory meanings conveyed by verbal and nonverbal channels. , 1970, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[41]  K. Scherer,et al.  Minimal cues in the vocal communication of affect: Judging emotions from content-masked speech , 1972, Journal of psycholinguistic research.

[42]  R. Rosenthal.  MEASURING SENSITIVITY TO NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: THE PONS TEST* , 1979 .