Time integration in particle models

Abstract Three second order time integration schemes, the Verlet algorithm, the Beeman algorithm and the Leapfrog scheme, which are widely used in molecular dynamics simulations, are investigated. All three schemes give the same particle orbits, but Leapfrog proves superior in the representation of energy and in terms of storage and operations count. A simple statistical model of the effects of force errors on the time integration is developed and is shown to give good agreement with computational results.