Detection of fullerenes (C60 and C70) in commercial cosmetics.

Detection methods are necessary to quantify fullerenes in commercial applications to provide potential exposure levels for future risk assessments of fullerene technologies. The fullerene concentrations of five cosmetic products were evaluated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate and specifically detect C60 and C70 from interfering cosmetic substances (e.g., castor oil). A cosmetic formulation was characterized with transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that polyvinylpyrrolidone encapsulated C60. Liquid-liquid extraction of fullerenes from control samples approached 100% while solid-phase and sonication in toluene extractions yielded recoveries of 27-42%. C60 was detected in four commercial cosmetics ranging from 0.04 to 1.1 μg/g, and C70 was qualitatively detected in two samples. A single-use quantity of cosmetic (0.5 g) may contain up to 0.6 μg of C60, demonstrating a pathway for human exposure. Steady-state modeling of fullerene adsorption to biosolids is used to discuss potential environmental releases from wastewater treatment systems.

[1]  Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand,et al.  Effects of C60 fullerene nanoparticles on soil bacteria and protozoans , 2008, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[2]  Rolf U Halden,et al.  Strategies for quantifying C(60) fullerenes in environmental and biological samples and implications for studies in environmental health and ecotoxicology. , 2011, Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC.

[3]  Robert L Tanguay,et al.  Fullerene C60 exposure elicits an oxidative stress response in embryonic zebrafish. , 2008, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[4]  Rolf U. Halden,et al.  Evaluation of extraction methods for quantification of aqueous fullerenes in urine , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[5]  Atsuko Miyajima,et al.  [60]Fullerene as a Novel Photoinduced Antibiotic , 2003 .

[6]  Kiril Hristovski,et al.  Biosorption of nanoparticles to heterotrophic wastewater biomass. , 2010, Water research.

[7]  Damià Barceló,et al.  Analysis, behavior and ecotoxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials in the aquatic environment , 2009 .

[8]  Paul Westerhoff,et al.  Quantification of C60 fullerene concentrations in water , 2008, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[9]  M. Kleber,et al.  Quantitative analysis of fullerene nanomaterials in environmental systems: a critical review. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[10]  D. Barceló,et al.  First determination of C60 and C70 fullerenes and N-methylfulleropyrrolidine C60 on the suspended material of wastewater effluents by liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry , 2010 .

[11]  T. Yagami,et al.  Solubilization of fullerenes into water with polyvinylpyrrolidone applicable to biological tests , 1994 .

[12]  C. Hirsch,et al.  C60 fullerene: a powerful antioxidant or a damaging agent? The importance of an in-depth material characterization prior to toxicity assays. , 2009, Environmental pollution.

[13]  R. Smalley,et al.  Fullerenes in the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Layer , 1994, Science.

[14]  Harold W. Kroto,et al.  Isolation, separation and characterisation of the fullerenes C60 and C70 : the third form of carbon , 1990 .

[15]  Li Xiao,et al.  The water-soluble fullerene derivative "Radical Sponge" exerts cytoprotective action against UVA irradiation but not visible-light-catalyzed cytotoxicity in human skin keratinocytes. , 2006, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[16]  N. Miyata,et al.  [Reactive species responsible for biological actions of photoexcited fullerenes]. , 2000, Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.

[17]  B. Chait,et al.  Synthesis of oxo- and methylene-bridged C60 dimers, the first well-characterized species containing fullerene-fullerene bonds. , 1995 .

[18]  Paul Westerhoff,et al.  Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[19]  Li Xiao,et al.  Inhibitory effect of the water-soluble polymer-wrapped derivative of fullerene on UVA-induced melanogenesis via downregulation of tyrosinase expression in human melanocytes and skin tissues , 2007, Archives of Dermatological Research.

[20]  R. Smalley,et al.  Determination of C60 and C70 fullerenes in geologic materials by high-performance liquid chromatography , 1995 .

[21]  T. Tsuchiya,et al.  Novel harmful effects of [60]fullerene on mouse embryos in vitro and in vivo , 1996, FEBS letters.

[22]  Li Xiao,et al.  Antioxidant effects of water-soluble fullerene derivatives against ultraviolet ray or peroxylipid through their action of scavenging the reactive oxygen species in human skin keratinocytes. , 2005, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[23]  Benjamin D. Stanford,et al.  Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[24]  Bethany Halford,et al.  INSIGHTS: FULLERENE FOR THE FACECosmetics containing C nanoparticles are entering the market, even if their safety is unclear , 2006 .

[25]  K. Ausman,et al.  C60 in water: nanocrystal formation and microbial response. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[26]  J. Bada,et al.  Fullerenes in the 1.85-billion-year-old Sudbury impact structure. , 1994, Science.

[27]  N. Monteiro-Riviere,et al.  Trace analysis of fullerenes in biological samples by simplified liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. , 2006, Journal of chromatography. A.

[28]  W. Krätschmer,et al.  Synthesis of C120O: A new dimeric [60]fullerene derivative , 1995 .

[29]  J. Jehlička,et al.  Low extraction recovery of fullerene from carbonaceous geological materials spiked with C60 , 2005 .

[30]  R. Scholz,et al.  Modeled environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (TiO(2), ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for different regions. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[31]  Richard Russell,et al.  Environmental Health and Safety Research Needs for Engineered Nanoscale Materials , 2006 .